's SroELTil\TG A ESTHESIA AND CO-EXISTING DISEASE Rollerta L. Hines Katheri11e .E. Marschall ELSD'II:R Any screen. Any time. Anywhere. Activate the eBook version of this title at no additional chargee.. Expert Consult eBooks give you the power to browse and find content, view enhanced images, share notes and highlights—both online and offline. Unlock your eBook today. 1 Visit expertconsult.inkling.com/redeem Scan this QR code to redeem your eBook through your mobile device: 2 Scratch off your code 3 Type code into “Enter Code” box 4 Click “Redeem” 5 Log in or Sign up 6 Go to “My Library” Place Peel Off It’s that easy! Sticker Here For technical assistance: email [email protected] call 1-800-401-9962 (inside the US) call +1-314-447-8200 (outside the US) Use of the current edition of the electronic version of this book (eBook) is subject to the terms of the nontransferable, limited license granted on expertconsult.inkling.com. Access to the eBook is limited to the first individual who redeems the PIN, located on the inside cover of this book, at expertconsult.inkling.com and may not be transferred to another party by resale, lending, or other means. Stoelting’s ANESTHESIA AND CO-EXISTING DISEASE Stoelting’s ANESTHESIA AND CO-EXISTING DISEASE Roberta L. Hines, MD Nicholas M. Greene Professor and Chairman Department of Anesthesiology Yale University School of Medicine Chief of Anesthesiology Yale-New Haven Hospital New Haven, Connecticut Katherine E. Marschall, MD, LLD (honoris causa) Anesthesiologist–retired New Haven, Connecticut Seventh Edition 1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd. Ste 1800 Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899 STOELTING’S ANESTHESIA AND CO-EXISTING DISEASE, SEVENTH EDITION ISBN: 978-0-323-40137-1 Copyright © 2018 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechani- cal, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permis- sions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Previous editions copyrighted 2012, 2008, 2002, 1993, 1988, 1983. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Hines, Roberta L., editor. | Marschall, Katherine E., editor. Title: Stoelting’s anesthesia and co-existing disease / edited by Roberta L. Hines, Katherine E. Marschall. Other titles: Anesthesia and co-existing disease Description: Seventh edition. | Philadelphia, PA : Elsevier, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017000203 | ISBN 9780323401371 (hardcover : alk. paper) Subjects: | MESH: Anesthesia--adverse effects | Anesthesia--methods | Comorbidity | Anesthetics--adverse effects | Intraoperative Complications Classification: LCC RD82.5 | NLM WO 245 | DDC 617.9/6041--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017000203 Executive Content Strategist: Dolores Meloni Content Development Manager: Lucia Gunzel Publishing Services Manager: Catherine Jackson Senior Project Manager: Daniel Fitzgerald Designer: Paula Catalano Printed in China. Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Preface In 1983 the first edition of Anesthesia and Co-Existing Disease care medicine. The chapters on geriatric medicine and cancer by Drs. Robert K. Stoelting and Stephen F. Dierdorf was pub- medicine have major updates, but all chapters contain new lished with the stated goal “to provide a concise description information, refer to major medical society guidelines and of the pathophysiology of disease states and their medical recommendations that affect the practice of perioperative management that is relevant to the care of the patient in the medicine, and contain many tables, figures, illustrations, and perioperative period.” Since then, five more editions have been photographs to aid in understanding key concepts. We hope published. The last two editions were published under our edi- that our readers will continue to find this book relevant to the torial leadership. care of the patient in the perioperative period. This seventh edition of Anesthesia and Co-Existing Disease continues the tradition of presenting new and updated medi- Roberta L. Hines, MD cal information to the anesthesiology community. New chap- Katherine E. Marschall, MD ters include those on sleep-disordered breathing and critical v Contributors Shamsuddin Akhtar, MBBS Michelle W. Diu, MD Associate Professor of Anesthesiology Department of Anesthesiology Yale University School of Medicine Children’s Hospital and Medical Center New Haven, Connecticut Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology Chapter 5: Ischemic Heart Disease University of Nebraska College of Medicine Chapter 16: Diseases of Aging Omaha, Nebraska Chapter 30: Pediatric Diseases Ferne Braveman, MD Professor of Anesthesiology and of Obstetrics, Manuel Fontes, MD Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Division Chief Medicine Anesthesiology Yale University School of Medicine Vice Chair Administrative Affairs New Haven, Connecticut Director, Obstetrics & Gynecology Anesthesiology Chapter 9: Systemic and Pulmonary Yale University School of Medicine Arterial Hypertension New Haven, Connecticut Chapter 31: Pregnancy-Associated Diseases Loreta Grecu, MD Associate Professor of Anesthesiology Tricia Brentjens, MD University of New York at Stony Brook Associate Professor of Anesthesiology New York, New York Columbia University Medical Center Chapter 12: Vascular Disease New York, New York Chapter 17: Diseases of the Liver and Biliary Tract Paul M. Heerdt, MD, PhD Professor of Anesthesiology Jean G. Charchaflieh, MD, MPH, DrPH Yale University School of Medicine Associate Professor of Anesthesiology New Haven, Connecticut Yale University School of Medicine Chapter 9: Systemic and Pulmonary New Haven, Connecticut Arterial Hypertension Chapter 1: Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders Antonio Hernandez Conte, MD, MBA Nikhil Chawla, MBBS Associate Professor of Anesthesiology Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Yale University School of Medicine Los Angeles, California New Haven, Connecticut Chapter 26: Infectious Diseases Chapter 12: Vascular Disease Adriana Herrera, MD Ranjit Deshpande, MD, BS Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology Yale University School of Medicine Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut Director, Liver Transplant Anesthesiology Chapter 6: Valvular Heart Disease Yale-New Haven Hospital New Haven, Connecticut Chapter 3: Restrictive Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplantation vii viii CONTRIBUTORS Roberta L. Hines, MD Thomas J. Mancuso, MD Nicholas M. Greene Professor and Chairman Senior Associate in Anesthesiology Department of Anesthesiology Boston Children’s Hospital Yale University School of Medicine Associate Professor of Anesthesiology Chief of Anesthesiology Harvard Medical School Yale-New Haven Hospital Boston, Massachusetts New Haven, Connecticut Chapter 30: Pediatric Diseases Chapter 29: Psychiatric Disease, Substance Abuse, and Drug Overdose Luiz Maracaja, MD Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology Natalie F. Holt, MD, MPH University of Texas Health Science Center in San Antonio Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology San Antonio, Texas Yale University School of Medicine Chapter 11: Pericardial Disease and Cardiac Trauma New Haven, Connecticut Associate Director of Anesthesiology Katherine E. Marschall, MD, LLD (honoris causa) VA Connecticut Healthcare System Anesthesiologist–retired West Haven, Connecticut New Haven, Connecticut Chapter 22: Renal Disease Chapter 25: Skin and Musculoskeletal Diseases Chapter 27: Diseases Related to Immune System Dysfunction Chapter 29: Psychiatric Disease, Substance Abuse, and Drug Chapter 28: Cancer Overdose Viji Kurup, MBBS Veronica Matei, MD Associate Professor of Anesthesiology Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology Yale University School of Medicine Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut New Haven, Connecticut Chapter 2: Obstructive Respiratory Diseases Chapter 20: Nutritional Diseases: Chapter 3: Restrictive Respiratory Diseases and Lung Obesity and Malnutrition Transplantation Bryan G. Maxwell, MD, MPH William L. Lanier, Jr., MD Anesthesiologist Professor of Anesthesiology Randall Children’s Hospital Mayo Clinic Portland, Oregon Rochester, Minnesota Chapter 7: Congenital Heart Disease Chapter 13: Diseases Affecting the Brain Chapter 14: Spinal Cord Disorders Raj K. Modak, MD Chapter 15: Diseases of the Autonomic and Peripheral Associate Professor Nervous Systems Director of Cardiac Anesthesia Henry Ford Medical Group Linda L. Maerz, MD Henry Ford Hospital Associate Professor of Surgery and Anesthesiology Detroit, Michigan Yale University School of Medicine Chapter 11: Pericardial Disease and Cardiac Trauma New Haven, Connecticut Chapter 4: Critical Illness Tori Myslajek, MD Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology Adnan Malik, MD Yale University School of Medicine Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology New Haven, Connecticut Yale University School of Medicine Chapter 18: Diseases of the Gastrointestinal System New Haven, Connecticut Chapter 10: Heart Failure and Cardiomyopathies CONTRIBUTORS ix Adriana D. Oprea, MD Hossam Tantawy, MBChB Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology and Trauma Surgery Yale University School of Medicine Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut New Haven, Connecticut Chapter 24: Hematologic Disorders Chapter 18: Diseases of the Gastrointestinal System Chapter 19: Inborn Errors of Metabolism Jeffrey J. Pasternak, MS, MD Associate Professor of Anesthesiology Jing Tao, MD Mayo Clinic Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology Rochester, Minnesota Yale University School of Medicine Chapter 13: Diseases Affecting the Brain New Haven, Connecticut Chapter 14: Spinal Cord Disorders Chapter 2: Obstructive Respiratory Diseases Chapter 15: Diseases of the Autonomic and Peripheral Chapter 19: Inborn Errors of Metabolism Nervous Systems Russell T. Wall, III, MD Wanda M. Popescu, MD Chair, Department of Anesthesiology and Associate Professor of Anesthesiology Perioperative Care Yale University School of Medicine MedStar Georgetown University Hospital New Haven, Connecticut Professor of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology Chapter 10: Heart Failure and Cardiomyopathies Georgetown University School of Medicine Chapter 20: Nutritional Diseases: Obesity and Malnutrition Washington, DC Chapter 23: Endocrine Disease Stanley H. Rosenbaum, MA, MD Professor of Anesthesiology, Internal Zachary Walton, MD, PhD Medicine & Surgery Attending Anesthesiologist Yale University School of Medicine Anesthesia Associates of Willimantic, CT New Haven, Connecticut Willimantic, Connecticut Chapter 4: Critical Illness Chapter 31: Pregnancy-Associated Diseases Robert B. Schonberger, MD, MA Kelley Teed Watson, MD Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology Anesthesiologist Yale University School of Medicine Anesthesiology of Greenwood, Inc. New Haven, Connecticut Greenwood, South Carolina Chapter 21: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders Chapter 8: Abnormalities of Cardiac Conduction and Cardiac Rhythm Denis Snegovskikh, MD Attending Anesthesiologist Christopher A.J. Webb, MD Anesthesia Associates of Willimantic, CT Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology Willimantic, Connecticut Columbia University Medical Center Chapter 31: Pregnancy-Associated Diseases New York, New York Chapter 17: Diseases of the Liver and Biliary Tract Jochen Steppan, MD, DESA Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology and Paul David Weyker, MD Critical Care Medicine Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Columbia University Medical Center Baltimore, Maryland New York, New York Chapter 7: Congenital Heart Disease Chapter 17: Diseases of the Liver and Biliary Tract Contents 1 Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders 1 17 Diseases of the Liver and Biliary Tract 345 Jean G. Charchaflieh Tricia Brentjens, Paul David Weyker, 2 Obstructive Respiratory Diseases 15 Christopher A.J. Webb Jing Tao, Viji Kurup 18 Diseases of the Gastrointestinal System 359 3 Restrictive Respiratory Diseases and Lung Hossam Tantawy, Tori Myslajek Transplantation 33 19 Inborn Errors of Metabolism 377 Ranjit Deshpande, Viji Kurup Hossam Tantawy, Jing Tao 4 Critical Illness 53 20 Nutritional Diseases: Obesity and Linda L. Maerz, Stanley H. Rosenbaum Malnutrition 385 5 Ischemic Heart Disease 79 Veronica Matei, Wanda M. Popescu Shamsuddin Akhtar 21 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders 407 6 Valvular Heart Disease 107 Robert B. Schonberger Adriana Herrera 22 Renal Disease 425 7 Congenital Heart Disease 129 Natalie F. Holt Jochen Steppan, Bryan G. Maxwell 23 Endocrine Disease 449 8 Abnormalities of Cardiac Conduction and Russell T. Wall, III Cardiac Rhythm 151 24 Hematologic Disorders 477 Kelley Teed Watson Adriana D. Oprea 9 Systemic and Pulmonary Arterial 25 Skin and Musculoskeletal Diseases 507 Hypertension 183 Katherine E. Marschall Manuel Fontes, Paul M. Heerdt 26 Infectious Diseases 539 10 Heart Failure and Cardiomyopathies 199 Antonio Hernandez Conte Wanda M. Popescu, Adnan Malik 27 Diseases Related to Immune System 11 Pericardial Disease and Cardiac Trauma 225 Dysfunction 567 Raj K. Modak, Luiz Maracaja Natalie F. Holt 12 Vascular Disease 237 28 Cancer 585 Loreta Grecu, Nikhil Chawla Natalie F. Holt 13 Diseases Affecting the Brain 265 29 Psychiatric Disease, Substance Abuse, and Jeffrey J. Pasternak, William L. Lanier, Jr. Drug Overdose 611 14 Spinal Cord Disorders 305 Katherine E. Marschall, Roberta L. Hines Jeffrey J. Pasternak, William L. Lanier, Jr. 30 Pediatric Diseases 635 15 Diseases of the Autonomic and Peripheral Michelle W. Diu, Thomas J. Mancuso Nervous Systems 315 31 Pregnancy-Associated Diseases 671 Jeffrey J. Pasternak, William L. Lanier, Jr. Zachary Walton, Denis Snegovskikh, 16 Diseases of Aging 327 Ferne Braveman Shamsuddin Akhtar Index 695 xi