<ATSKSWVUIIDUEOZTIBYDOTEFLJWFHTECESHHCOOIEN"ETTRRSFI"tDG1Oi"l""5SlVH4"0"ETM">"A"oW"r2e,20EV"noglulimshees"g28" StillMoreEnglishes Varieties of English Around the World GeneralEditor EdgarW.Schneider DepartmentofEnglish&AmericanStudies UniversityofRegensburg Universitätsstraße31 D-93053REGENSBURG Germany [email protected] EditorialAssistants AlexanderKautzsch,AndreasHiltscher,MagnusHuber(Regensburg) EditorialBoard MichaelAceto(Greenville,NC);LaurieBauer(Wellington) J.K.Chambers(Toronto);JennyCheshire(London) ManfredGörlach(Cologne);BarbaraHorvath(Sydney) JeffreyKallen(Dublin);ThiruKandiah(Colombo) ViviandeKlerk(Grahamstown,SouthAfrica) WilliamA.Kretzschmar,Jr.(Athens,GA) CarolineMacafee(Aberdeen);MichaelMontgomery(Columbia,SC) PeterMühlhäusler(Adelaide);PeterL.Patrick(Colchester) GeneralSeries VolumeG28 StillMoreEnglishes byManfredGörlach Still More Englishes Manfred Görlach UniversityofCologne JohnBenjaminsPublishingCompany Amsterdam(cid:1)/(cid:1)Philadelphia TM ThepaperusedinthispublicationmeetstheminimumrequirementsofAmerican 8 NationalStandardforInformationSciences–PermanenceofPaperforPrinted LibraryMaterials,ansiz39.48-1984. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Görlach,Manfred StillmoreEnglishes/ManfredGörlach. p. cm.(VarietiesofEnglishAroundtheWorld,issn0172–7362;v.G28) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. 1.Englishlanguage--Variation--English-speakingcountries.I.Title.II.Varietiesof Englisharoundtheworld.Generalseries;28. PE2751 G77 2002 427-dc21 2002023243 isbn9027248877(Eur.)/1588112632(US)(Hb;alk.paper) ©2002–JohnBenjaminsB.V. Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyform,byprint,photoprint,microfilm,orany othermeans,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher. JohnBenjaminsPublishingCo.·P.O.Box36224·1020meAmsterdam·TheNetherlands JohnBenjaminsNorthAmerica·P.O.Box27519·Philadelphiapa19118-0519·usa Contents List of figures x Foreword xi Preface xiii List of Abbreviations xiv 1 Global English (?) 1 1.1 Theproblem 1 1.2 English on its way to become a world language 2 1.3 The increase in numbers of speakers 3 1.4 The growing functions of international English 8 1.5 Global English 9 1.6 Attitudes 10 1.7 The quality of English and educational implications 11 1.8 The future of English 12 1.9 The effect of English on other languages 13 2 The problem of authentic language 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.1.1 General concerns 17 2.1.2 Lexicography 19 2.1.3 Grammars 20 2.2 Data from varieties with incipient or attempted standardization .... 21 2.2.1 Old English 21 2.2.2 Belizean and other Caribbean Creoles 22 2.2.3 Text type expansion in TokPisin 23 2.2.4 From Ulster Scots to Ullans 25 2.3 Language death 27 2.3.1 Introduction 27 2.3.2 Norn 27 2.3.3 Samaná English 28 2.3.4 Cimbrian 28 2.4 Dialect 29 2.4.1 Historical texts 29 2.4.2 Modern dialectology 30 2.4.3 Sociolinguistics 30 2.5 Pidgins and creóles 32 vi Still More Englishes 2.5A Introduction 32 2.5.2 Jamaican 32 2.5.3 Nigerian Pidgin 33 2.5.4 Chinese Pidgin 33 2.6 Historical texts 34 2.6.1 Problems of transmission 34 2.6.2 Historical semi-authentic texts 37 2.6.3 Historizing English 38 2.7 Literary texts 38 2.7.1 Introduction 38 2.7.2 Chaucer 40 2.7.3 James I 40 2.7.4 Renaissance 'dialect' 41 2.7.5 18th-century Scots 42 2.7.6 Black English 44 2.7.7 Broken English 46 2.7.8 Summary 46 2.8 Epilogue 46 3 Language and nation: linguistic identity in the history of English 48 3.1 Introduction 48 3.2 Historical aspects: Britain and Ireland 49 3.2.1 The Middle Ages 49 3.2.2 England and Wales 1430-2000 50 3.2.3 Scotland 51 3.2.4 Ireland 1803-2000 53 3.3 English overseas 54 3.3.1 Introduction 54 3.3.2 The United States 56 3.3.3 Canada 58 3.3.4 The Caribbean 60 3.3.5 West Africa 60 3.3.6 South Africa 63 3.3.7 India and Southeast Asia 65 3.3.8 Papua New Guinea 66 3.4 Reactions to English in non-anglophone societies 67 3.5 Conclusion 68 Contents vii 4 Ulster Scots - a language? 69 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 Criteria for 'language-ness ' 70 4.3 Are Low German and Jamaican useful parallels? 73 4.4 The revival and revitalization of minority languages 75 4.5 The demographic and sociohistoricalposition of Ulster Scots 76 4.6 The codification and elaboration ofUllans 79 4.7 The political implications 82 4.8 The present discussion in Northern Ireland (1996-2000) 84 5 Scots - the view from outside 87 5.1 Introduction 87 5.1.1 Attitudes in linguistics 87 5.1.2 Ways to approach my topic 88 5.2 The perception of Scots by English speakers 89 5.2.1 Scotland and Scots as seen from England before 1603 89 5.2.2 The Border ballads 91 5.2.3 The 18th century 91 5.2.4 The nineteenth century 92 5.3 The contribution of outsiders 94 5.3.1 Emigrant writing from overseas 94 5.3.2 Scots as seen from non-anglophone countries 97 6 English in Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Indonesia, The Philippines ... a second or a foreign language? 99 6.1 Introduction: ENL vs. ESL vs. EFL 99 6.2 The British in East Asia 104 6.3 Singapore 107 6.4 Hong Kong: from ESL to EFL? 109 6.5 Malaysia and the Philippines 110 6.6 Indonesia and Vietnam 112 6.7 The ESL vs. EFL distinction revisited 113 6.8 Linguistic consequences for language-planning and education ... 114 7 Rhyming slang world-wide: homegrown or imported? 118 7.1 Introduction 118 7.1.1 Definition 118 7.1.2 Similar phenomena which are not rhyming slang 121 7.1.3 Conditions for successful coinages 121 viii Still More Englishes 7 AA The history of dictionaries of cant and slang 122 7.1.5 Dating and localization 123 7.1.6 Stylistic and sociolinguistic determinants 124 7.1.7 The ephemeral ad-hoc nature of many specimens 125 7.2 The history of rhyming slang in England 126 7.3.1 Ireland 127 7.3.2 Scotland 127 7.4 Rhyming slang transported to Australia and New Zealand 128 7.5 The American connection 131 7.6 Why have Canada and South Africa remained unaffected? 133 7.7 Rhyming slang and the history of English as a world language ... 133 8 English in Europe - European English? 135 8.1 Introduction 135 8.2 The history of ELT in Europe 136 8.3 Influences of English on the indigenous languages 139 8.3.1 Introduction 139 8.3.2 Spelling 139 8.3.3 Pronunciation 140 8.3.4 Inflection 141 8.4 Developments and statistics 147 8.5 Can recurrent features in EFL varieties lead to nativization? 150 8.6 EFL: ESL: EIL revisited 152 9 Varieties of English and language teaching 154 9.1 Introduction 154 9.2 And is it English? 154 9.3 Varieties of English 158 9.4 Distinctiveness of varieties on individual levels 158 9.5 ENL societies 160 9.6 ESL societies 161 9.7 EFL societies 162 9.8 Where do we stand? 163 9.9 Consequences for English Language Teaching 164 9.9.1 Introduction 164 9.9.2 Shakespeare 166 9.9.3 Scots 167 9.9.4 BlackEnglish 167 Contents ix References 169 Appendix: An annotated bibliography of EWL 184 Indexes 228