Correction Symbols Your instructor may use some of the following symbols to comment on your writing: Ab Abbreviation error, 602 Adj Incorrect use of adjective, 560–561 Adv Incorrect use of adverb, 560–561 AP Apostrophe error, 584–586 Ca Incorrect pronoun case, 557–558 Cap Capitalization error, 599–601 Chop Choppy sentences, 146–149 Cl Cliché, 163–164 Colloq Colloquial expression, 155 Comb Combine sentences, 146–149 Comp Comparison error, 561 CS Comma splice, 567, 575, 581 D Diction error, 153–155 DM Dangling modifier, 132, 562 D Neg Double negative, 553 Euph Euphemism, 167–168 Frag Sentence fragment, 129–130, 564–565 Gen Statement too general, 59–62, 127, 161–163 Id Unidiomatic expression, 154–155 Ital Italicize (underline), 594–595 Jarg Jargon, 165–167 Lc Use lower case (do not capitalize), 599–601 Log Faulty logic, 293–294, 296–299 MM Misplaced modifier, 130–132, 562 Mix S Mixed sentence structure, 132–133, 571–572 N Incorrect use of noun, 555–556 No ¶ Do not start a new paragraph here Num Incorrect use of a number, 602–603 Org Faulty organization (Continued on inside back cover) Insightful writing begins with Enhanced InSite. INTERACTIVE E-BOOK RESOURCES FOR WRITERS An interactive e-book provides you with instant access to the reference material most used and Resources for Writers offers a variety of ways for you to practice and refi ne your understanding of key needed in the composition course. The e-book includes interactive exercises, a highlighting and concepts via interactive exercises on grammar and proofreading, anti-plagiarism tutorials, writing and note-taking tool, a printing option, and a search tool. research modules, multimedia activities, and downloadable grammar podcasts. INFOTRAC® COLLEGE EDITION PERSONAL TUTOR This powerful online research and learning center Personal Tutor’s private tutoring resources provide offers over 20 million full-text articles from nearly you with additional assistance and review as you 6,000 scholarly and popular periodicals. write your papers. 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For Students (cid:129)(cid:129) If a printed access card is packaged with this text, log on to Enhanced InSite by using the pin code printed on the card.* (cid:129)(cid:129) If a printed access card is not packaged with this text, check your local college store, or purchase instant access to Enhanced InSite at www.ichapters.com, our preferred online store.* * You will also need a class ID and password from your instructor in order to gain access to the appropriate class. Insightful writing begins with 24/7 Service and Support Enhanced InSite for Composition™. Twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week, you have access to downloadable support documentation and our customer support team. Ask any question and get an immediate response! When you log on to Enhanced InSite, you gain access to the proven, class-tested capabilities of InSite—such as peer reviewing, electronic paper submission and grading, and originality checking—plus an interactive e-book and private tutoring resources. You’ll also have access to a variety of activities, including anti-plagiarism tutorials and downloadable grammar podcasts, all designed to help you become a successful and confi dent writer. OPEN to learn more about how Enhanced InSite can work for you! HERE Take a Virtual Tour at www.cengage.com/insite. 9922005555__0000aa__ggff..iinndddd 22 1100//2211//0099 11::3322::0077 PPMM Eighth Edition Steps to Writing Well with Additional Readings Jean Wyrick Professor Emerita Colorado State University Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States 9922005555__0000bb__ffmm__ii--xxxxvviiiiii..iinndddd ii 1100//2222//0099 44::3355::1100 PPMM Steps to Writing Well with Additional © 2011, 2007, 2004 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Readings, Eighth Edition ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 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For your course and learning solutions, visit www.cengage.com Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.ichapters.com Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 9922005555__0000bb__ffmm__ii--xxxxvviiiiii..iinndddd iiii 1100//2222//0099 44::0077::2255 PPMM C O N T E N T S List of Artworks xvii List of Advertisements xvii To the Teacher xix To the Student xxvi Part One The Basics of the Short Essay 1 1 Prewriting 3 Getting Started (or Soup-Can Labels Can Be Fascinating) 3 Selecting a Subject 4 Finding Your Essay’s Purpose and Focus 6 Pump-Primer Techniques 7 After You’ve Found Your Focus 18 • Practicing What You’ve Learned 18 Discovering Your Audience 19 How to Identify Your Readers 19 • Practicing What You’ve Learned 22 • Assignment 23 Keeping a Journal (Talking to Yourself Does Help) 26 Chapter 1 Summary 29 2 The Thesis Statement 31 What Is a Thesis? What Does a “Working Thesis” Do? 31 Can a “Working Thesis” Change? 32 Guidelines for Writing a Good Thesis 33 Avoiding Common Errors in Thesis Statements 37 • Practicing What You’ve Learned 39 • Assignment 40 Using the Essay Map 40 • Practicing What You’ve Learned 42 • Assignment 43 Chapter 2 Summary 46 iii 9922005555__0000bb__ffmm__ii--xxxxvviiiiii..iinndddd iiiiii 1100//2222//0099 44::0077::2255 PPMM iv Contents 3 The Body Paragraphs 47 Planning the Body of Your Essay 47 Composing the Body Paragraphs 50 The Topic Sentence 50 Focusing Your Topic Sentence 53 Placing Your Topic Sentence 53 • Practicing What You’ve Learned 55 • Assignment 58 • Applying What You’ve Learned to Your Writing 58 Paragraph Development 59 Paragraph Length 62 • Practicing What You’ve Learned 63 • Assignment 64 • Applying What You’ve Learned to Your Writing 64 Paragraph Unity 65 • Practicing What You’ve Learned 67 • Applying What You’ve Learned to Your Writing 68 Paragraph Coherence 69 • Practicing What You’ve Learned 74 Paragraph Sequence 77 Transitions between Paragraphs 77 • Applying What You’ve Learned to Your Writing 78 Chapter 3 Summary 79 4 Beginnings and Endings 81 How to Write a Good Lead-In 81 Avoiding Errors in Lead-Ins 84 • Practicing What You’ve Learned 85 • Assignment 86 How to Write a Good Concluding Paragraph 86 Avoiding Errors in Conclusions 89 • Practicing What You’ve Learned 90 • Assignment 91 How to Write a Good Title 91 • Practicing What You’ve Learned 92 • Assignment 92 • Applying What You’ve Learned to Your Writing 93 Chapter 4 Summary 93 9922005555__0000bb__ffmm__ii--xxxxvviiiiii..iinndddd iivv 1100//2222//0099 44::0077::3333 PPMM Contents v 5 Drafting and Revising: Creative Thinking, Critical Thinking 95 What Is Revision? 95 When Does Revision Occur? 96 Myths about Revision 96 Can I Learn to Improve My Revision Skills? 97 Preparing to Draft: Some Time-Saving Hints 97 Writing with Computers 99 Writing Centers, Computer Classrooms, and Electronic Networks 101 A Revision Process for Your Drafts 102 I. Revising for Purpose, Thesis, and Audience 103 II. Revising for Ideas and Evidence 103 III. Revising for Organization 106 IV. Revising for Clarity and Style 107 V. Editing for Errors 108 VI. Proofreading 109 A Final Checklist for Your Essay 110 • Practicing What You’ve Learned 111 • Assignment 114 • Applying What You’ve Learned to Your Writing 115 Collaborative Activities: Group Work, Peer Revision Workshops, and Team Projects 115 Benefiting from Collaborative Activities 116 Guidelines for Peer Revision Workshops 116 Guidelines for Small-Group Work 119 • Practicing What You’ve Learned 120 • Assignment 121 Some Last Advice: How to Play with Your Mental Blocks 121 Chapter 5 Summary 124 6 Effective Sentences 125 Developing a Clear Style 126 • Practicing What You’ve Learned 134 Developing a Concise Style 135 • Practicing What You’ve Learned 139 • Assignment 140 Developing a Lively Style 140 • Practicing What You’ve Learned 144 • Assignment 144 9922005555__0000bb__ffmm__ii--xxxxvviiiiii..iinndddd vv 1100//2222//0099 44::0077::3333 PPMM vi Contents Developing an Emphatic Style 145 • Practicing What You’ve Learned 149 • Assignment 150 • Applying What You’ve Learned to Your Writing 151 Chapter 6 Summary 152 7 Word Logic 153 Selecting the Correct Words 153 • Practicing What You’ve Learned 159 Selecting the Best Words 161 • Practicing What You’ve Learned 173 • Assignment 174 • Applying What You’ve Learned to Your Writing 176 Chapter 7 Summary 177 8 The Reading-Writing Connection 179 How Can Reading Well Help Me Become a Better Writer? 179 How Can I Become an Analytical Reader? 180 Steps to Reading Well 180 Sample Annotated Essay: “Our Youth Should Serve” 182 • Practicing What You’ve Learned 185 • Assignment 185 Writing a Summary 185 • Practicing What You’ve Learned 187 Benefiting from Class Discussions 187 • Practicing What You’ve Learned 189 Chapter 8 Summary 190 Part One Summary: The Basics of the Short Essay 191 Part Two Purposes, Modes, and Strategies 193 9 Exposition 195 The Strategies of Exposition 195 Strategy One: Development by Example 196 Developing Your Essay 199 Problems to Avoid 200 • Essay Topics 200 9922005555__0000bb__ffmm__ii--xxxxvviiiiii..iinndddd vvii 1100//2222//0099 44::0077::3333 PPMM