Stephen Leacock: A Reappraisal © 1941 Karsh, Ottawa 12 REAPPRAISALS: CANADIAN WRITERS StephenL eacock AR eappraisal Edited and with an Introduction by David Staines University of Ottawa Press REAPPRAISALS Canadian Writers LORRAINE McMULLEN General Editor Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Main entry under tide: Stephen Leacock: a reappraisal (Reappraisals, Canadian writers; 12) Bibliography: p. ISBN 0-7766-0180-6 (bound). - ISBN 0-7766-0146-6 (pbk.) 1. Leacock, Stephen, 1869-1944-Criticism and interpretation. 2. Leacock, Stephen, 1869-1944-Bibliography. I. Staines, David, 1946- II. Series. PS8523.E15Z88 1986 C818'.5209 C87-090062-5 PR9199.3.L367Z88 1986 © University of Ottawa Press, 1986 Leacock photograph © 1941, Karsh, Ottawa Manuscript facsimiles courtesy of the Stephen Leacock Memorial Home, Orillia, Ontario Cover design by Gregory Gregory, Ottawa Printed and bound in Canada Contents Introduction DAVID STAINES 1 Riding Off in All Directions: A Few Wild Words in Search of Stephen Leacock TIMOTHY FINDLEY 5 Leacock and Leahen: The Feminine Influence on Stephen Leacock ERIKA RITTER 11 Leacock and Understanding Canada GUY VANDERHAEGHE 17 Leacock and the Media RALPH L. CURRY 23 The Historical Leacock IAN Ross ROBERTSON 33 Stephen Leacock, Economist: An Owl Among the Parrots MYRON J. FRAN KM AN 51 Imperial Cosmopolitanism, or the Partly Solved Riddle of Leacock's Multi-National Persona JAMES STEELE 59 Stephen Leacock, Humorist: American by Association BEVERLY RASPORICH 69 Religion and Romance in Mariposa GERALD LYNCH 83 The Roads Back: Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town and George Elliott's The Kissing Man CLARA THOMAS 97 Untestable Inferences: Post-Structuralism and Leacock's Achievement in Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town ED JEWINSKI 107 The Achievement of Stephen Leacock ALEC LUCAS MALCOLM Ross GLENN CLEVER R. L. MCDOUGALL 121 Stephen Leacock: The Writer and His Writings Compiled by RALPH L. CURRY 133 Notes 161 Contributors 171 Introduction DAVID STAINES up Personally," Stephen Leacock declared in his preface to Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town (1912), "I would sooner have written Alice in Wonderland than the whole Encyclopedia Britannica." Yet the worlds represented by Alice and the Encyclopedia, seemingly light years apart, are central to an understanding, appreciation, and as- sessment of the many worlds that commanded the atten- tion of Stephen Butler Leacock (1869-1944). Humorist and humanist, economist and educator, professor and pundit, Leacock devoted his life to educa- tion, first through his classrooms (at Upper Canada Col- lege in Toronto and later at McGill University in Montreal), then through his writings on history, econom- ics, and political science, and finally, and perhaps most enduringly, through his volumes of humour. "Humour is essentially a comforter," he maintained, "reconciling us to things as they are in contrast to things as they might be." In his own time, Leacock was the most famous Canadian author both at home and abroad. Sales of his books of humour, as well as his textbooks, were phe- nomenal. In 1906, for example, he published Elements of Political Science, which was translated into nineteen lan- guages; this single textbook remained its author's great- est moneymaker. Leacock has been the subject of biographical stud- ies. His niece and secretary, Barbara Nimmo, wrote an affectionate reminiscence of her uncle shortly after his death in 1944, and another niece, Elizabeth Kimball, published her recollections, The Man in the Panama Hat 2 (1970). Allan Anderson continued the tradition of remi- niscences with Remembering Leacock (1983), an interest- ing collection of reflections and anecdotes by many of Leacock's relatives, friends, and colleagues. Ralph L. Curry's Stephen Leacock: Humorist and Humanist (1959) offered the first comprehensive biogra- phy, focusing, as its title suggests, on Leacock as humor- ist and humanist. David M. Legate's Stephen Leacock (1970) is a more prejudiced account of Leacock's life. Albert and Theresa Moritz's Leacock: A Biography (1985) adds little to the earlier biographical studies. Stephen Leacock: A Reappraisal addresses the multi- faceted career of this complex individual.The collection of essays originated in the Leacock Symposium, which was held under the auspices of the Department of Eng- lish at the University of Ottawa on April 26-27, 1985. The University of Ottawa initiated its symposium series in 1973 as a means of directing attention to Canadian au- thors meriting reassessment. The Leacock Symposium was designed to approach its subject from the variety of perspectives demanded by his many careers. Although Leacock's lasting fame rests on his humorous writings, the other dimensions of his long and distinguished life are central to an understanding of his place in Canadian history. The following essays begin to sketch a portrait of a remarkable individual who left his distinctive mark in many areas of national and international concern. Fifteen years ago, Mordecai Richler reflected on the enviable position of Canadian writers: Myth-makers are urgently needed; and, further- more, applicants needn't be unduly inhibited. The young writer, for instance, who is settling down to a novel in the Maritimes, hasn't the ghost of Faulkner peering over his shoulder. Henry James didn't come before. Or Twain. Or Fitzgerald. If the literary house is haunted, it's only by the amiable Leacock, the dis- pensable de la Roche. For the rest, the tradition has yet to be made. It's virgin land. Up for grabs. In the opening essays of this collection, three dis- tinguished Canadian writers, Timothy Findley, Erika Ritter, and Guy Vanderhaeghe, look back at the figure of "the amiable Leacock," paying homage, with affection and laughter, to Leacock the humorist. In "Riding Off in All Directions: A Few Wild Words in Search of Stephen Leacock," Findley returns to his years as an actor to ex- amine the theatrical dimensions of Leacock's written lan- guage. Wit, parody, and perhaps even flattery, if imita- tion is indeed a form of flattery, are central to Ritter's 3 "Leacock and Leahen: The Feminine Influence on Stephen Leacock." And in "Leacock and Understanding Canada," Vanderhaeghe invokes his western Canadian background to explore the particular nature of Leacock's fictional universe. The next four essays turn from Leacock the hu- morist to other professional commitments that occupied his teaching and his writing. In "Leacock and the Media," Ralph L. Curry describes, through Leacock's own words, the author's involvement in the relatively new media of radio, film, and television. Leacock as an histo- rian of Canada is the focus of Ian Ross Robertson's essay on "The Historical Leacock." Myron J. Frankman studies "Stephen Leacock, Economist: An Owl Among the Par- rots," placing him in his historical context and evaluating his influence in the world of economics. In his literary essays, Leacock could present him- self as a Canadian, an American, an Englishman, or even as a combination of two or three of these nationalities. In "Imperial Cosmopolitanism, or the Partly Solved Riddle of Leacock's Multi-National Persona," James Steele inves- tigates the implications of Leacock's multi-national liter- ary persona, which is, he discovers, consistent with Lea- cock's political and historical doctrine of imperial cosmopolitanism. The multi-national persona that Steele discusses provides a natural transition to Beverly Rasporich's study of "Stephen Leacock, Humorist: American by Associa- tion." Her essay places Leacock's humorous writings in the tradition of American humour, yet concludes that Leacock's humour is British by heredity, American by association, and, at the very least, Canadian by experience. Among Leacock's many volumes of humour, Sun- shine Sketches of a Little Town is universally acknowledged to be his masterpiece. The little town of Mariposa has captured the attention, the affection, and the laughter of generations of readers. A trio of essays approach the book from different and differing angles. In "Religion and Romance in Mariposa," Gerald Lynch begins with an examination of Leacock's structural revisions and dis- covers a more highly organized and complex work than is usually acknowledged; for Lynch, the centre of the book is the opposition between the virtues of romance and love and the failure of the town's institutionalized religion. In "The Roads Back: Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town and George Elliott's The Kissing Man," Clara Thomas explores Mariposa through a comparison with the later small Ontario town of Elliott's book. And Ed