In St Stephen’s College, the royally-favoured religious AS Rt institution at the heart of the busy administrative world of the o yS Palace of Westminster, church and state met and collaborated at l for two centuries, from its foundation to pray for the royal Cep A Royal Chapel and English Kingship, 1348–1548 h dead by Edward III in 1348, until it was swept away by the ah pe second wave of the Reformation in 1548. Monarchs and visitors en l worshipped in the distinctive chapel on the Thames riverfront. a’s n Even when the king and his household were absent, the college’s d C Eo architecture, liturgy and musical strength proclaimed royal n gl piety and royal support for the Church to all who passed by. ll ie s hg Ke This monograph recreates a lost institution, whose spectacular i, n cloister still survives deep within the modern Houses of gW s e Parliament. It examines its relationship with every English h is pt king from Edward III to Edward VI, how it defined itself as the , 1m ‘king’s chief chapel’ through turbulent dynastic politics, and 3i 4n its contributions to the early years of the English Reformation. 8-s 1t It offers a new perspective on the workings of political, 5 4e administrative and court life in medieval and early modern 8r Westminster. ELIZABETH BIGGS started work on St Stephen’s College as part of the large research project ‘St Stephen’s Chapel: Visual and Political Culture, 1292-1941’ at the University of York. She has taught at York and the University of the West of England. .d e vre se r sth g Studies in the History of Medieval Religion ir llA .d e ta ro p ro E cn Cover image: Panorama of the Ruins of the Old Palace of Westminster, 1834, Oil liz I ,rewe painting by Mr George Scharf, © Parliamentary Art Collection, WOA 3793. ab rB & www.parliament.uk/art e lle t d h yoB Design: Toni Michelle B .0 2 i 0 ggs 2 © thg iryp o C Biggs, Elizabeth. St Stephen's College, Westminster : A Royal Chapel and English Kingship, 1348-1548, BoydEell l& Birzewaer,beth Biggs Incorporated, 2020. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nyulibrary-ebooks/detail.action?docID=6229011. Created from nyulibrary-ebooks on 2021-02-03 07:13:50. Studies in the History of Medieval Religion VOLUME L ST STEPHEN’S COLLEGE WESTMINSTER .d e vre se r sth g ir llA .d e ta ro p ro cn I ,re w e rB & lle d yo B .0 2 0 2 © th g iryp o C Biggs, Elizabeth. St Stephen's College, Westminster : A Royal Chapel and English Kingship, 1348-1548, Boydell & Brewer, Incorporated, 2020. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nyulibrary-ebooks/detail.action?docID=6229011. Created from nyulibrary-ebooks on 2021-02-03 07:13:50. Studies in the History of Medieval Religion ISSN 0955–2480 Founding Editor Christopher Harper-Bill Series Editor Frances Andrews Previously published titles in the series are listed at the back of this volume .d e vre se r sth g ir llA .d e ta ro p ro cn I ,re w e rB & lle d yo B .0 2 0 2 © th g iryp o C Biggs, Elizabeth. St Stephen's College, Westminster : A Royal Chapel and English Kingship, 1348-1548, Boydell & Brewer, Incorporated, 2020. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nyulibrary-ebooks/detail.action?docID=6229011. Created from nyulibrary-ebooks on 2021-02-03 07:13:50. ST STEPHEN’S COLLEGE WESTMINSTER A ROYAL CHAPEL AND ENGLISH KINGSHIP 1348–1548 ELIZABETH BIGGS .d e vre se r sth g ir llA .d e ta ro p ro cn I ,re w e rB & lle d yo B .0 2 0 2 © th g iryp o C the boydell press Biggs, Elizabeth. St Stephen's College, Westminster : A Royal Chapel and English Kingship, 1348-1548, Boydell & Brewer, Incorporated, 2020. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nyulibrary-ebooks/detail.action?docID=6229011. Created from nyulibrary-ebooks on 2021-02-03 07:13:50. © Elizabeth Biggs 2020 All Rights Reserved. Except as permitted under current legislation no part of this work may be photocopied, stored in a retrieval system, published, performed in public, adapted, broadcast, transmitted, recorded or reproduced in any form or by any means, without the prior permission of the copyright owner The right of Elizabeth Biggs to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 First published 2020 The Boydell Press, Woodbridge ISBN 978-1-78327-495-6 The Boydell Press is an imprint of Boydell & Brewer Ltd PO Box 9, Woodbridge, Suffolk IP12 3DF, UK and of Boydell & Brewer Inc. .d evre 668 Mt Hope Avenue, Rochester, NY 14620–2731, USA se website: www.boydellandbrewer.com r sth g ir llA .d A CIP catalogue record for this book is available e taro from the British Library p ro cn I ,re w The publisher has no responsibility for the continued existence or accuracy of URLs for exter- e rB & nal or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any lle content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate d yo B .0 2 0 2 © This publication is printed on acid-free paper th g iryp o C Biggs, Elizabeth. St Stephen's College, Westminster : A Royal Chapel and English Kingship, 1348-1548, Boydell & Brewer, Incorporated, 2020. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nyulibrary-ebooks/detail.action?docID=6229011. Created from nyulibrary-ebooks on 2021-02-03 07:13:50. Contents List of Illustrations vi Acknowledgements vii List of Abbreviations viii Preface xi Introduction 1 1 Finding a Place Within Westminster, 1348–1394 27 2 Magnificence and Difficulties under Richard II, 1377–1399 71 3 Weathering Political and Economic Storms, 1399–1485 97 4 A New Kind of Court? Display, Pageantry and Worship, 1471–1536 137 5 Responding to the Reformation, 1527–1548 182 Conclusions 212 Bibliography 217 .d e vre Index 240 se r sth g ir llA .d e ta ro p ro cn I ,re w e rB & lle d yo B .0 2 0 2 © th g iryp o C Biggs, Elizabeth. St Stephen's College, Westminster : A Royal Chapel and English Kingship, 1348-1548, Boydell & Brewer, Incorporated, 2020. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nyulibrary-ebooks/detail.action?docID=6229011. Created from nyulibrary-ebooks on 2021-02-03 07:13:50. Illustrations Images 1. Anthonis van den Wijngaerde, Panorama of London as seen from Southwark: Westminster, 1554 WA1950.206.1 Image © Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford. 6 2. Cloisters – West Walk Vaulting © James Hillson, 2014. 173 3. Cloisters – Katherine of Aragon’s arms © UK Parliament/ A. Watrobski, 2019. 174 4. Cloisters – Wolsey’s arms © James Hillson, 2014. 175 5. Cloisters – Edward III’s arms © James Hillson, 2014. 175 6. Cloisters – Hungerford badge © James Hillson, 2014. 176 Map Plan of Westminster Palace c.1363 © James Hillson, 2015. x .d e vre se r sth The author and publisher are grateful to all the institutions and individuals listed for permis- g ir llA sion to reproduce the materials in which they hold copyright. Every effort has been made to .d trace the copyright holders; apologies are offered for any omission, and the publisher will be e taro pleased to add any necessary acknowledgement in subsequent editions. p ro cn I ,re w e rB & lle d yo B .0 2 0 2 © th g iryp o C Biggs, Elizabeth. St Stephen's College, Westminster : A Royal Chapel and English Kingship, 1348-1548, Boydell & Brewer, Incorporated, 2020. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nyulibrary-ebooks/detail.action?docID=6229011. Created from nyulibrary-ebooks on 2021-02-03 07:13:50. Acknowledgements I have benefitted from the support of many individuals and institutions both intel- lectually and practically and can only begin to touch on my debts here. I began work on St Stephen’s College as part of the Arts and Humanities Research Council project, St Stephen’s Chapel, Westminster: Visual and Political Culture 1292-1941, at the University of York and owe a great deal to the work and friendship of the other researchers working on or affiliated with that project, particularly Tim Ayers, John Cooper, Elizabeth Hallam Smith, James Hillson, Maureen Jurkowski, Simon Neal and Mark Ormrod. At Westminster, Mark Collins generously offered access to the remaining medieval physical fabric and his deep knowledge of the palace. The Arts and Humanities Research Council additionally gave me four months of research time at the Huntington Library, while the Leverhulme Trust funded further work on St Stephen’s Cloisters in 2018 as part of Elizabeth Hallam Smith’s Emeritus Fellowship. I am deeply grateful to the libraries and archives I have consulted for allowing me access to their holdings, particularly to The National Archives in London, St .d evre George’s College Archives in Windsor Castle, and to Tony Trowles, Matthew ser sth Payne and Christine Reynolds at Westminster Abbey. James Hillson and Adam g Watrobski have very kindly allowed me to use their photographs of the surviving ir llA .d sixteenth-century cloister. e taro Erika Graham-Goering read Chapter Two at a crucial moment and provided p rocn reassurance and clarity. My parents and sister have been enormously supportive I ,re and asked all the right questions when I tested ideas on them over the years. All w e rB mistakes, omissions and errors remain my own. & lle d yo B EB .0 2 02 6 August 2019 © th g iryp o C Biggs, Elizabeth. St Stephen's College, Westminster : A Royal Chapel and English Kingship, 1348-1548, Boydell & Brewer, Incorporated, 2020. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nyulibrary-ebooks/detail.action?docID=6229011. Created from nyulibrary-ebooks on 2021-02-03 07:13:50. Abbreviations BL London, the British Library. BRUC A.B. Emden, A Biographical Register of the University of Cambridge to 1500. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1963. BRUO A.B. Emden, A Biographical Register of the University of Oxford to AD 1500. 3 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1957–1959. BRUO 1540 A.B. Emden, A Biographical Register of the University of Oxford AD 1501–1540. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974. Cal. Pap. Calendar of Papal Registers Relating to Britain and Ireland Letters 1198–1494, ed. W.H. Bliss, H.C. Johnson and J.A. Tremlow. 14 vols. London: Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, 1893–1960. Cal. State Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reign of Papers Edward Edward VI, 1547–1553, ed. C.S. Knighton. London: Her VI Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1992. .d CChR Calendar of Charter Rolls. e vre se CCR Calendar of Close Rolls. r sthg CPR Calendar of Patent Rolls. ir llA .d EETS Early English Text Society. e taro Froissart, Froissart, Jean. Sir John Froissart’s Chronicles of England, p rocn Chronicles France and the Adjoining Countries. trans. J. Johnes. 5 vols. I ,re London: Hafod Press, 1803–1810. w e rB HKW Colvin, Howard. The History of the King’s Works. 7 vols. & lled London: Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, 1963–1982. yo B .0 HMSO His/ Her Majesty’s Stationary Office. 2 0 2 © L & P Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of thg Henry VIII: preserved in the Public Record Office, the British iryp o Museum, and elsewhere in England, ed. J.S. Brewer, James C Gairdner and R.H. Brodie. 37 vols. London: His/Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, 1863–1932. Biggs, Elizabeth. St Stephen's College, Westminster : A Royal Chapel and English Kingship, 1348-1548, Boydell & Brewer, Incorporated, 2020. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nyulibrary-ebooks/detail.action?docID=6229011. Created from nyulibrary-ebooks on 2021-02-03 07:13:50. abbreviations ix ODNB Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004–2019. Online edition [www. oxforddnb.com]. Petitions to the Petitions to the Pope 1342–1419, ed. W.H. Bliss. London: Eyre Pope and Spottiswode, 1896. PROME The Parliament Rolls of Medieval England, 1274–1509, ed. Chris Given-Wilson. 16 vols. Woodbridge: Boydell, 2005. Reg. Chichele The register of Henry Chichele, Archbishop of Canterbury, 1414–1443, ed. E.F. Jacob. 4 vols. Canterbury and York Society 42, 47, 46, 45. Oxford, 1938–1947. Reg. Cranmer London: Lambeth Palace Library, Cranmer’s Register [Microfilm]. Reg. Edington The Register of William Edington, Bishop of Winchester 1346– 1366, ed. S.F. Hockey. 2 vols. Hampshire Record Series 7, 8. Southampton, 1986. Reg. Langham Registrum Simonis Langham, Cantuariensis archiepiscopi, ed. A.C. Wood. Canterbury and York Society. 53. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1956. Reg. Nichols Register of Benedict, Bishop of Bangor, 1408–1417, ed. A.I. Pryce. Archaeologia Cambrensis, 7th series, Vol 2 (1922): 80–107. Reg. Stafford D.B. Foss, ‘The Canterbury Episcopates of John Stafford and Kemp (1443–1452) and John Kemp (1452–1454) with editions of their .d evre registers’. PhD thesis, King’s College London, 1986. ser sth Reg. Story The Register of Edward Story, Bishop of Chichester 1478– gir llA 1503, ed. J.H. Stevenson. Canterbury and York Society. 106. .d Woodbridge, 2016. e ta ro ‘Statutes of St ‘The Statutes and Injunctions of St George’s Chapel, Windsor p ro cn George’s’ Castle’, ed. Maurice Bond. Unpublished edition of galley I ,rew proofs by J.N. Dalton, 1962. [An edition of Windsor, St e rB & George’s College Archives, XI D 20.] lle d WAM London, Westminster Abbey Muniments. yo B .0 2 0 2 © All manuscript references are to London, The National Archives unless otherwise th g indicated. iryp o C Biggs, Elizabeth. St Stephen's College, Westminster : A Royal Chapel and English Kingship, 1348-1548, Boydell & Brewer, Incorporated, 2020. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nyulibrary-ebooks/detail.action?docID=6229011. Created from nyulibrary-ebooks on 2021-02-03 07:13:50.