Society at a Glance 2009 OECD SOCIAL INDICATORS ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 30 democracies work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Commission of the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD. OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation’s statistics gathering and research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and standards agreed by its members. This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. Also available in French under the title: Panorama de la société 2009 LES INDICATEURS SOCIAUX DE L’OCDE Photos credits: Cover illustration: © Floresco Productions/Cultura/Getty Images ; © Image Source/Corbis; © PhotoAlto /Alamy; ©Thinkstock LLC/Jupiterimages; © Corbis/Inmagine ltb Chapter 4: © Stockbyte/Getty Images Chapter 5: © Maria Taglienti-Molinari/Brand X/Corbis Chapter 6: © Matthieu Spohn/PhotoAlto Agency RF Collections/Getty Images Chapter 7: © Helen King/Corbis Chapter 8: © Daniel Boiteau/Fotolia.com Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/publishing/corrigenda. © OECD 2009 You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgment of OECD as source and copyright owner is given. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected]. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at [email protected] or the Centre français d'exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at [email protected]. FOREWORD Foreword T his is the fifth edition of Society at a Glance, the biennial OECD compendium of social indicators. This report attempts to satisfy the growing demand for quantitative evidence on social well-being and its trends. It updates some of the indicators included in the2001, 2003, 2005and2006 editions. It adds some new ones, including indicators of height, perceived health status, risky youth behaviour and bullying. In addition, a new set of headline social indicators are developed, providing an overview of social well-being and its trends. This report also includes a guide to help readers in understanding the structure of OECD social indicators, and a special chapter on leisure time across the OECD. More detailed information on all indicators, including those not in this edition, can be found on the OECD web pages (www.oecd.org/els/social/indicators/SAG). This report was prepared by Simon Chapple and Maxime Ladaique. As this report addresses a wide range of topics, it would have been impossible to complete without the contributions of many people in and outside the OECD Social Policy Division. These include Francesca Colombo, Michael DeLooper, Marco Mira d’Ercole, Justina Fischer, Michael Förster, Pauline Fron, Rie Fujisawa, DavidJonathan Gonzalez-Villascan, Ingrid Herrbach, Maria del Carmen Huerta, Herwig Immervoll, Gaetan Lafortune, Pascal Marianna, Marlène Mohier, Dominique Paturot, Dominic Richardson, and Olivier Thévenon. Mark Pearson, Head of the OECD Social Policy Division, originally developed and has subsequently supervised the reports. SOCIETY AT A GLANCE 2009: OECD SOCIAL INDICATORS – ISBN 978-92-64-04938-3 – © OECD 2009 3 This book has... StatLinks2 A service that delivers Excel® files from the printed page! Look for the StatLinks at the bottom right-hand corner of the tables or graphs in this book. To download the matching Excel® spreadsheet, just type the link into your Internet browser, starting with the http://dx.doi.org prefix. If you’re reading the PDF e-book edition, and your PC is connected to the Internet, simply click on the link. You’ll find StatLinks appearing in more OECD books. TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents Chapter 1. Headline Social Indicators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Headline social indicators across the OECD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Eight headline indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Chapter 2. Special Focus: Measuring Leisure in OECD Countries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 The economic theory of leisure time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Trends in residual of paid work time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Allocation of time over the life course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Leisure across the average day. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Time trends in leisure from time-use surveys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Patterns of leisure distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Types of leisure activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Satisfaction with time spent on different activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Leisure time compared to measures of life satisfaction and market income. . . . . . 37 Mandatory holidays and leisure time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Annex 2.A1. Main Features of Time-Use Surveys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Chapter 3. Interpreting OECD Social Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 The purpose of social indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 The framework of OECD social indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 The selection and description of indicators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 What can be found in this publication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Chapter 4. General Context Indicators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 1. Net national income per capita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 2. Fertility rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 3. Migration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 4. Marriage and divorce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Chapter 5. Self-sufficiency Indicators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 1. Employment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 2. Unemployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 3. Childcare. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 4. Student performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 SOCIETY AT A GLANCE 2009: OECD SOCIAL INDICATORS – ISBN 978-92-64-04938-3 – © OECD 2009 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS 5. Not in employment, education or training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 6. Age of labour force exit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 7. Spending on education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Chapter 6. Equity Indicators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 1. Income inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 2. Poverty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 3. Poverty among children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 4. Adequacy of benefits of last resort. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 5. Public social spending. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 6. Total social spending. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Chapter 7. Health Indicators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 1. Life expectancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 2. Perceived health status. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 3. Infant health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 4. Obesity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 5. Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 6. Mental health. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 7. Long-term care recipients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 8. Health care expenditure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Chapter 8. Social Cohesion Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 1. Life satisfaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 2. Work satisfaction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 3. Crime victimisation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 4. Suicides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 5. Bullying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 6. Risky behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 6 SOCIETY AT A GLANCE 2009: OECD SOCIAL INDICATORS – ISBN 978-92-64-04938-3 – © OECD 2009 COUNTRY CODES Country codes AUS Australia AUT Austria BEL Belgium CAN Canada CZE Czech Republic DNK Denmark FIN Finland FRA France DEU Germany GRC Greece HUN Hungary ISL Iceland IRL Ireland ITA Italy JPN Japan KOR Korea LUX Luxembourg MEX Mexico NLD Netherlands NZL New Zealand NOR Norway POL Poland PRT Portugal SVK Slovak Republic ESP Spain SWE Sweden CHE Switzerland TUR Turkey GBR United Kingdom USA United States SOCIETY AT A GLANCE 2009: OECD SOCIAL INDICATORS – ISBN 978-92-64-04938-3 – © OECD 2009 7