Inventions a visual encyclopedia US_001_Half_Title.indd 1 16/03/18 3:41 PM US_002-003_Title.indd 2 08/03/18 3:09 PM s m i t h s o n i a n Inventions a visual encyclopedia US_002-003_Title.indd 3 16/03/18 3:41 PM Contents DK London Senior Editor Carron Brown Senior Art Editor Rachael Grady US Editor Megan Douglass US Executive Editor Lori Cates Hand Editorial team Ann Baggaley, Ashwin Khurana, Camilla Hallinan, EARLY BREAKTHROUGHS 6 Jessica Cawthra, Sarah Edwards Art Editors Chrissy Barnard, Louise Dick Jacket Designer Surabhi Wadhwa-Gandhi Jacket Editor Claire Gell Early tools 8 Jacket Design Development Manager Sophia MTT Producer, Pre-production Gillian Reid Senior Producer Angela Graef Farming 10 Managing Editor Francesca Baines Managing Art Editor Philip Letsu Inventing the wheel 12 Publisher Andrew Macintyre Associate Publishing Director Liz Wheeler Traveling by road 14 Art Director Karen Self Design Director Phil Ormerod Sailing the seas 16 Publishing Director Jonathan Metcalf Sailing ships 18 DK Delhi Archimedes 20 Senior Editor Sreshtha Bhattacharya Senior Art Editor Ira Sharma Project Editor Priyanka Kharbanda The beginnings of industry 22 Editorial team Ankona Das, Neha Ruth Samuel, Rupa Rao, Vatsal Verma Early mechanical devices 24 Art Editors Heena Sharma, Mansi Agrawal, Sachin Singh, Shailee Khurana Jacket Designer Juhi Sheth Jackets Editorial Coordinator Priyanka Sharma Designing the future 26 Senior DTP Designer Harish Aggarwal The power of gunpowder 28 DTP Designers Sachin Gupta, Mohd Rizwan, Vikram Singh, Bimlesh Tiwary Picture Researchers Nishwan Rasool, Deepak Negi Gunpowder weapons 30 Managing Jackets Editor Saloni Singh The printing revolution 32 Picture Research Manager Taiyaba Khatoon Pre-production Manager Balwant Singh Writing and printing 34 Production Manager Pankaj Sharma Zhang Heng 36 Managing Editor Kingshuk Ghoshal Managing Art Editor Govind Mittal Written by John Farndon, Jacob Field, Joe Fullman, MAKING THE MODERN WORLD 38 Andrew Humphreys, and Giles Sparrow Consultant: Roger Bridgman First American Edition, 2018 Tools 40 Published in the United States by DK Publishing Tools workshop 42 345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 Feeding the world 44 Copyright © 2018 Dorling Kindersley Limited Working the land 46 DK, a Division of Penguin Random House LLC Construction 48 18 19 20 21 22 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 001–308571–July/2018 Alfred Nobel 50 Industrialization 52 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under the copyright reserved above, no part Smart production line 54 of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a Powering up 56 retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior Renewable energy 58 written permission of the copyright owner. Nicola Tesla 60 Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited Plastics 62 A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Man-made materials 64 ISBN: 978-1-4654-5838-4 (Hardcover) ISBN: 978-1-4654-7369-1 (Paperback) Buying and selling 66 Money 68 DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for sales promotions, premiums, fund-raising, or educational use. For details, contact: Online superstore 70 DK Publishing, Special Markets, 345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 At the office 72 [email protected] 3-D printing 74 Printed and bound in China Robots 76 A WORLD OF IDEAS: Helpful robots 78 SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW The robots are coming! 80 www.dk.com GET MOVING 82 Bicycle 84 Two wheels 86 Skating on air 88 Established in 1846, the Smithsonian—the world’s largest museum, education and Motorcycles 90 research complex—includes 19 museums and galleries and the National Zoological Park. The total number of artifacts, works of art, and specimens in the Smithsonian’s collection Cars for the masses 92 is estimated at 154 million. The Smithsonian is a renowned research center, dedicated to public education, national service, and scholarship in the arts, sciences and history. Cars, cars, cars 94 US_004-005_Contents.indd 4 16/03/18 3:43 PM Henry Ford 96 A quick bite 198 Pick a car! 98 Vacuum cleaners 200 Public transit 100 James Dyson 202 On the road 102 Recorded music 204 Sail power 104 Listen to the music 206 On the water 106 Games and pastimes 208 Boats and ships 108 Video games 210 Navigating at sea 110 The flushing toilet 212 Going underwater 112 Keeping up appearances 214 Floating carriers 114 Time to relax 216 Taking to the skies 116 In the closet 218 Fasteners 220 The Wright brothers 118 Jets to solar planes 120 Other flying machines 122 IN GOOD HEALTH 222 Drone deliveries 124 Railroads 126 Looking inside 224 On the tracks 128 Marie Curie 226 Flying train 130 Better diagnoses 228 The Stephensons 132 Anesthetics 230 Medical marvels 232 COMMUNICATION 134 Microscopes 234 War on germs 236 Developing treatments 238 The telegraph 136 Super mold 240 Measuring time 138 Vaccinations 242 Telling the time 140 Louis Pasteur 244 The telephone 142 Dental health 246 Taking a call 144 New body parts 248 Smartphone 146 The supercomputer 148 SPACE 250 Radio 150 Listen to the radio 152 Connecting continents 154 Studying the stars 252 The camera 156 Telescopes 254 Snap away! 158 Atacama observatory 256 Cinema 160 Galileo Galilei 258 Satellites 260 Television 162 Watching over Earth 262 Big screens 164 Communication 264 Written communication 166 Space debris 266 Bright lights 168 Rockets 268 The computer 170 Rocket race 270 Home computers 172 Manned spaceflight 272 World Wide Web 174 Manned missions 274 Ada Lovelace 176 Space stations 276 Living in space 278 AT HOME 178 Space agencies 280 Space technology for Earth 282 The light bulb 180 Robotic probes 284 Lighting up the world 182 Pushing the boundaries 286 Fish and solar power 184 Thomas Edison 186 Ingenious inventors 288 High voltage 188 Glossary 292 The battery 190 Index 296 Washing 192 Acknowledgments 302 Kitchen devices 194 Keeping cool 196 US_004-005_Contents.indd 5 08/03/18 3:17 PM S H G U O R H T K A E R B Y L R A E EARLY BREAKTHROUGHS US_006-007_Early_breakthroughs_Opener.indd 6 08/03/18 3:09 PM E A R L Y B R E A K T H R O U G H S Simple stone tools were probably the first things invented by our ancestors. Other great ideas such as the wheel changed our lives forever. US_006-007_Early_breakthroughs_Opener.indd 7 08/03/18 3:09 PM Early tools Flint arrowhead, c. 4000 bce Our earliest human ancestors appeared in Africa more than two million years ago. Scientists gave them the Latin name Homo habilis, which means “handy man,” because S they are believed to have made and used stone tools—the H G very first invention. As humans evolved, they developed U O R increasingly complex tools for a variety of tasks. H HUNTING FROM T A DISTANCE K A Ax was shaped E by chipping flakes Humans needed weapons for R STONE TOOLS B off a stone hunting. Among the first weapons Y Early people made tools by striking round invented were wooden spears tipped L R pieces of stone, such as flint or quartz, with with sharp stones, developed more A E another hard stone. This shaped the stones than 400,000 years ago. These allowed into handheld tools that had a wide range hunters to attack prey from a distance, of uses, including chopping, scraping, which was safer than getting up close to and engraving. The best-known early large and dangerous animals. Around tool was the hand ax, which could 60,000–70,000 years ago, the first bow be used to dig, kill prey, carve and arrow weapons were invented, meat, and chop wood. which had an even longer range. Harpoon made of deer antler, c. 6500–4000 bce MAKING FIRE Fire was vital for cooking food as well Hand ax from around as providing warmth and light. More 1.5 million years ago Egyptian copper than 6,000 years ago, probably in Egypt, workers prehistoric people invented the bow drill for lighting fires. The device was rotated to cause friction, which produced enough heat to burn small particles. Drill held steady in one hand Bow moved backward and forward to turn Bowstring holds the drill drill upright Drill rotates against base Pipes send air from bellows into fire. Heat caused by friction burns particles of base. 8 US_008-009_Early_tools_Main.indd 8 08/03/18 3:09 PM