Smart Composite Coatings and Membranes Related titles SmartPolymersandTheirApplications,1stEdn,(ISBN978-0-85709-695-1) AdvancesinMarineAntifoulingCoatingsandTechnologies,1stEdn, (ISBN978-1-84569-386-2) SmartSensorsandMEMS,1stEdn,(ISBN978-0-85709-502-2) Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering: Number 64 Smart Composite Coatings and Membranes Transport, Structural, Environmental and Energy Applications Edited by M.F. Montemor AMSTERDAM(cid:1)BOSTON(cid:1)HEIDELBERG(cid:1)LONDON NEWYORK(cid:1)OXFORD(cid:1)PARIS(cid:1)SANDIEGO SANFRANCISCO(cid:1)SINGAPORE(cid:1)SYDNEY(cid:1)TOKYO WoodheadPublishingisanimprintofElsevier WoodheadPublishingisanimprintofElsevier 80HighStreet,Sawston,Cambridge,CB223HJ,UK 225WymanStreet,Waltham,MA02451,USA LangfordLane,Kidlington,OX51GB,UK Copyright©2016ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved. 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BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015941202 ISBN:978-1-78242-283-9(print) ISBN:978-1-78242-295-2(online) ForinformationonallWoodheadPublishingpublications visitourwebsiteathttp://store.elsevier.com/ List of Contributors Roberta Bongiovanni Department of Applied Science and Technology, PolitecnicodiTorino,Italy J.C. Bordado Centre for Natural Resources and the Environment (CERENA), Instituto Superior Te´cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisboa, Portugal M.G. Buonomenna Ordine dei Chimici della Campania-Consiglio Nazionale dei Chimici,Napoli,Italy Giuseppe Cappelletti Dipartimento di Chimica, Universita` di Milano, Milano, Italy I. De Graeve Group of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering, Vrije UniversiteitBrussel,Elsene,Belgium A.P. Duarte Centre for Natural Resources and the Environment (CERENA), InstitutoSuperiorTe´cnico,UniversidadedeLisboa,Lisboa,Portugal PaolaFermo DipartimentodiChimica,Universita` diMilano,Milano,Italy Sara Ferraris Politecnico di Torino, Department of Applied Science and Technology,InstituteofMaterialsPhysicsandEngineering,Italy Nenad Filipovic Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Sviatlana V. Lamaka Centro de Qu´ımica Estructural, Instituto Superior Te´cnico, UniversidadedeLisboa,Lisbon,Portugal JinsongLeng HarbinInstituteofTechnology,China Jie Liang College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University,Shanghai,China xii ListofContributors LiwuLiu HarbinInstituteofTechnology,China YanjuLiu HarbinInstituteofTechnology,China A. Lutz Group of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan, Elsene, Belgium; SIM vzw, Technologiepark, Zwijnaarde, Belgium XiongfeiLv HarbinInstituteofTechnology,China Boris Mahltig Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Textile and ClothingTechnology,Mo¨nchengladbach,Germany Muzyczek Małgorzata Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants, ul. WojskaPolskiego,Poznan,Poland J.M.C. Mol Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology,Mekelweg2,Delft,TheNetherlands M. Fatima Montemor Centro de Qu´ımica Estructural, Instituto Superior Te´cnico, UniversidadedeLisboa,Av.RoviscoPais,Lisbon,Portugal M.F. Montemor CQE, Departamento de Engenharia Qu´ımica, Instituto Superior Te´cnico,UniversidadedeLisboa,Lisboa,Portugal Dr.JuhaNikkola TikkurilaOyj,Vantaa,Finland Sergio Perero Politecnico di Torino, Department of Applied Science and Technology,InstituteofMaterialsPhysicsandEngineering,Italy Xuehong Ren Key Laboratoryof Eco-textiles ofMinistry ofEducation,College of TextilesandClothing,JiangnanUniversity,Wuxi,Jiangsu,China L. Roma´nszki Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences,Hungary Kozlowski Ryszard Institute for Engineering of Polymer Materials and Dyes, ul. M. Sklodowskiej-Curie Torun, Department of Elastomers and Rubber, ul. Harcerska30,Piastow,Poland;ESCORENA(EuropeanFocalPoint) Darya Snihirova Centro de Qu´ımica Estructural, Instituto Superior Te´cnico, UniversidadedeLisboa,Av.RoviscoPais,Lisbon,Portugal J. Telegdi Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary ListofContributors xiii H. Terryn Group of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Elsene, Belgium; Department of Materials Science and Engineering,DelftUniversityofTechnology,Mekelweg2,Delft,TheNetherlands L. Trif Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary Alessandra Vitale Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino,Italy FenghuaZhang HarbinInstituteofTechnology,China Preface Coatings displaying different functionalities have been used since ancient times and are, undoubtedly, one of the most fascinating routes to manipulating the surface of a multitude of materials. The evolution of coatings is deeply embedded in the heri- tage of mankind; materials protection, aesthetic appearance and brightness, water repellence, and wear resistance are examples of functionalities the human engine developedearly. Modification of surfaces by applying smart functional coatings became a key strategy in the development of advanced materials and has been boosted by the nanotechnology era. Today, the manipulation of materials down to the molecular scale along with the wide range of surface engineering routes available has paved the way for new functional coatings and for the valorization of a broad array of materialsinhi-techandinconventionalapplications. Smart coatings are of the utmost relevance to advancing new applications of metallic and non-metallic materials, and new breakthroughs are reported every day. The field of smart composite coatings and membranes is extremely dynamic and driven by several (and sometimes contradictory) requirements that include the nature of the bare materials to be protected/functionalized/engineered, the cost-to- effectiveness ratio, the existing legislation, the durability of the entire system, and thefunctionalitiesthecoatingsmustimpartforapplicationsinharshanddemanding environments. Furthermore, advances in smart composite coatings require cross- fertilization among different disciplines and, very often, the challenges must be shared, discussed,andaddressed bythosewith different views. Therefore,thisbook is timely and aims at providing a concise review of the most recent developments on smart coatings and membranes for applications in which innovative surface modification strategies are required. These include transport, structural, environ- mental, and energy applications. Attention is devoted to environmentally compliant and energy-efficient applications using non-hazardous formulations that meet the actual standards and regulations, while sustaining a high efficiency-to-cost ratio. Presently, the knowledge gathered within this array of applications is evolving so rapidly that there is the need to create concise literature in which the most recent advances and challenges are identified and critically reviewed. These reviews are essential to highlight the most recent achievements that are expected to act as driv- ing force to move the entire field forward. In this book, relevant issues including design and efficient manufacture of smart composite coatings and membranes, its advanced characterization using the most modern techniques, and its modeling from the nano- to the macro-scale, are overviewed. The application of these coat- ings in strategic sectors, such as transportation, energy, and environmental as well xvi Preface as its protective properties and durability are critically discussed. For this purpose a number of experts were invited to review the state-of-art, to discuss the latest achievements and to identify critical challenges. In the near future, the knowledge gathered in this book will pave the way for new solutions for conventional and moredemandinghi-techapplications. This book is intended to be a research tool in which the most important insights in smart composite coatings and membranes can easily be found. Thus, this book is a fundamental pool of knowledge directed to industrial, researchers, engineers, technicians, academics, and, of course, students. The most important goal is to bring new insights to one of the most exciting field in materials science and engi- neering (cid:1) smart composite coatings and membranes for transport, structural, environmental, and energy applications and to make them available to those that needthem. The editor and all the authors hope this book will provide a literature reference for the most demanding aspects of the smart composite coatings and membranes field in strategic applications. It is our aim to disseminate knowledge and to bring tothe interestedcommunityavaluablepublicationtoadvancefurtherdevelopments inthefield. The editor acknowledges all the authors for giving their time and sharing their expertiseinthepreparationofthisbook. M.F.Montemor Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering 1. Thermoplasticaromaticpolymercomposites F.N.Cogswell 2. Designandmanufactureofcompositestructures G.C.Eckold 3. Handbookofpolymercompositesforengineers EditedbyL.C.Hollaway 4. Optimisationofcompositestructuresdesign A.Miravete 5. Short-fibrepolymercomposites EditedbyS.K.DeandJ.R.White 6. Flow-inducedalignmentincompositematerials EditedbyT.D.PapthanasiouandD.C.Guell 7. Thermosetresinsforcomposites CompiledbyTechnolex 8. Microstructuralcharacterisationoffibre-reinforced composites EditedbyJ.Summerscales 9. Compositematerials F.L.MatthewsandR.D.Rawlings 10. 3-Dtextilereinforcementsincompositematerials EditedbyA.Miravete 11. Pultrusionforengineers EditedbyT.Starr 12. Impactbehaviouroffibre-reinforcedcompositematerialsandstructures EditedbyS.R.ReidandG.Zhou 13. Finiteelement modellingofcompositematerialsandstructures F.L.Matthews,G.A.O.Davies,D.HitchingsandC.Soutis