Smart Antennas, Electromagnetic Interference and Microwave Antennas for Wireless Communications RIVER PUBLISHERS SERIES IN COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING Series Editors ABBAS JAMALIPOUR MARINA RUGGIERI The University of Sydney, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Australia Italy The “River Publishers Series in Communications and Networking” is a series of comprehensive aca- demic and professional books which focus on communication and network systems. Topics range from the theory and use of systems involving all terminals, computers, and information processors to wired and wireless networks and network layouts, protocols, architectures, and implementations. Also covered are developments stemming from new market demands in systems, products, and technolo- gies such as personal communications services, multimedia systems, enterprise networks, and optical communications. The series includes research monographs, edited volumes, handbooks and textbooks, providing professionals, researchers, educators, and advanced students in the field with an invaluable insight into the latest research and developments. Topics included in this series include:- • Multimedia systems; • Network architecture; • Optical communications; • Personal communication services; • Telecoms networks; • Wifi network protocols. For a list of other books in this series, visit www.riverpublishers.com Smart Antennas, Electromagnetic Interference and Microwave Antennas for Wireless Communications Editors S. Kannadhasan Cheran College of Engineering, India R. Nagarajan Gnanamani College of Technology, India Alagar Karthick KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, India Aritra Ghosh University of Exeter, UK River Publishers Published 2022 by River Publishers River Publishers Alsbjergvej 10, 9260 Gistrup, Denmark www.riverpublishers.com Distributed exclusively by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Smart Antennas, Electromagnetic Interference and Microwave Antennas for Wireless Communications / S. Kannadhasan, R. Nagarajan, Alagar Karthick and Aritra Ghosh. ©2022 River Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval systems, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publishers. Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business ISBN 978-87-7022-776-6 (print) ISBN 978-10-0084-642-3 (online) ISBN 978-1-003-37323-0 (ebook master) While every effort is made to provide dependable information, the publisher, authors, and editors cannot be held responsible for any errors or omissions. Contents Preface xv List of Contributors xvii List of Figures xix List of Tables xxv List of Abbreviations xxvii Chapter 1 Speech Signal Extraction from Transmitted Signal Using Multilevel Mixed Signal 1 R. Kabilan, and R. Ravi 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Literature Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2.1 The fast ICA algorithm revisited: Convergence analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2.2 FPGA implementation of IC algorithm for blind signal separation and noise cancelling . . . . . 3 1.2.3 Subjective comparison and evaluation of speech enhancement algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3 Proposed Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3.1 FASTICA using symmetric orthogonalization . . . . 3 1.3.2 FPGA implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.4 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Output Waveform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 v vi Contents Chapter 2 High Performance Fiber-Wireless Uplink for CDMA 5G Networks Communication 13 R. Ravi, R. Kabilan, and S. Shargunam 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.2 Proposed Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.2.1 OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.2.2 OFDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.2.3 CDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.2.4 Optical fiber channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.2.5 The disadvantages of the existing system . . . . . . . 18 2.3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.3.1 Inference 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.3.2 Inference 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.3.3 Inference 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.3.4 Inference 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.3.5 Inference 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.3.6 Inference 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.3.7 Inference 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Chapter 3 Improving the Performance of Cooperative Transmission Protocol Using Bidirectional Relays and Multi User Detection 29 R. Kabilan, R. Ravi, and S. Shargunam 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3.2 Components of Communication System . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3.3 Proposed System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.4 System Design and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.4.1 Input design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.4.2 Feasibility analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.4.2.1 Operational feasibility . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.4.2.2 Technical feasibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.4.2.3 Economical feasibility . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.4.2.4 Project modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.5 Output Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.5.1 Animator output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3.5.2 Initialization of nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Contents vii 3.5.3 Node 1 starts transmitting data . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3.5.4 Finding shortest path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 3.5.5 Transmission of data through relay node . . . . . . . 36 3.5.6 Node 8 starts transmitting data . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3.5.7 Loss of packets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3.5.8 Transmissions of data from node 7 to node 6 . . . . . 37 3.5.9 Transmision of data from node 2 to node 4 . . . . . . 37 3.5.10 Transmission of data bidirectionally . . . . . . . . . 38 3.5.11 Completion of transmission from node 8 to 0 . . . . . 39 3.5.12 Coverage provided by dynamic base station . . . . . 40 3.5.13 Retransmission of dropped packets . . . . . . . . . . 41 3.5.14 Reception of acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 3.5.15 X graph for lifetime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 3.5.16 X graph for output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 3.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Chapter 4 Joint Relay-source Escalation for SINR Maximization in Multi Relay Networks and Multi Antenna 47 R. Ravi, R. Kabilan, S. Shargunam, and R. Mallika Pandeeswari 4.1 Main Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 4.2 Proposed System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 4.2.1 System model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 4.2.2 SINR maximization under relay transmit power and source constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 4.2.3 Source-relay transmit power minimization under QoS constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 4.2.4 Computation of relay precoder . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 4.2.5 Feasibility of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 4.3 Advantage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 4.4 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 4.5 Result and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 4.5.1 Tools used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 4.5.2 Simulated results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 4.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 viii Contents Chapter 5 VLSI Implementation on MIMO Structure Using Modified Sphere Decoding Algorithms 59 R. Kabilan, R. Ravi, S. Shargunam, and R. Mallika Pandeeswari 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 5.2 Proposed Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 5.2.1 VB decoding algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 5.2.2 SE decoding algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 5.2.3 SOC architecture on FPGA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 5.3 Result and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 5.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Chapter 6 Overcrowding Cell Interference Detection and Mitigation in a Multiple Networking Environment 71 R. Ravi, R. Mallika Pandeeswari, R. Kabilan, and S. Shargunam 6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 6.2 Proposed System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 6.3 OFDMA and SCFDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 6.4 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 6.4.1 BER–SNR graph of two users . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 6.4.2 BLER–SNR graph of two user . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 6.4.3 SE-SNR graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 6.5 Comparison of Detector Performance as a Result of Shot Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 6.6 BER–SNR Graph of Different Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . 78 6.7 Channel MSE–ESN0 Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 6.8 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Chapter 7 A Baseband Transceiver for MIMO-OFDMA in Spatial Multiplexing Using Modified V-BLAST Algorithm 83 R. Kabilan, R. Ravi, S. Shargunam, and R. Mallika Pandeeswari 7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 7.1.1 OFDM modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 7.1.2 FDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 7.1.3 OFDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 7.1.4 MIMO OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Contents ix 7.2 Existing Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 7.2.1 Synchronization algorithms for MIMO OFDMA systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 7.3 MIMO Transceiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 7.4 Proposed Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 7.4.1 Module description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 7.4.2 Proposed modified V-BLAST algorithm . . . . . . . 88 7.5 Result and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 7.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Chapter 8 Hardware Implementation of OFDM Transceiver Using Simulink Blocks for MIMO Systems 95 R. Ravi, J. Zahariya Gabriel, R. Kabilan, and R. Mallika Pandeeswari 8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 8.2 Existing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 8.2.1 Fast ICA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 8.2.2 Efficient variant of fast ICA algorithm (EFICA) . . . 97 8.2.3 Sphere decoding algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 8.3 Proposed System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 8.4 MIMO-OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 8.5 Channel Estimation (CE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 8.6 Flow Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 8.6.1 Input sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 8.6.2 Serial to parallel converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 8.6.3 AWGN channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 8.6.4 Mapper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 8.6.5 FFT block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 8.6.6 IFFT block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 8.6.7 BER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 8.7 Module Explanation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 8.7.1 OFDM modulation/demodulation . . . . . . . . . . . 100 8.7.2 FFT/IFFT block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 8.7.3 OFDM transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 8.7.4 OFDM receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 8.8 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 8.8.1 Selection of voice source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 8.8.2 MIMO block design process . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102