OJIC FILE COPY ' AGARD-CP-478 AGARD CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS No.478 Situational Awarenes6 s B in Aerospace Operations (La Perception de la Situation au cours C des Operations AMriennes) ELE CT F <A D ~bW. 1hdesOeain A'ILE~I ArensuI I oft.1 ty.1ON0 DISTRIEUTION AND AVAILABILITY NON BACK COVER 06 27 134 Appri koaw Opera ti AGJARI)-( 478 NOWFI' NFLAN'FI(' 'RIA1 ORGANIZATIION AD)VISORY GROUP FOR AFROSPAC7E Rk VARCII AND DEVELOPMENT (ORGiANISArION DUTRAITI: 1W" UI'ILANTIQU!E NORD)) AGARI) Conferonce P~roceedings No.478 Situational Awareness in Aerospace Operations (La perception de kk situation au cours des operations a~riennes) Papers pre. ented tit the Aeroispae Medical Panel Symposium held in Copctnhagen, D~enmark, fromt 2nd--6th O)ctober 1989). The Mission of AGARD According toi tCsh arter, the mission of AGARDi isi t) biring together the leading personalIities or the NNATO nationisnt h e fields of science and technology relating itoa erospace for the following purposes: - Recommending effective way.%f or the member nations to use their research and development capahilities for the common benefit of the NATO community; - Providing scientific and technical advice and assistance to the Military Committee in the field of acrospace research and development (with particular regard to Its military application); - Continuously stimulating advances int he taerosopace sciences relevant itos trengthening the Coaltion defence postlure; - Improving the co-operation among member nations ina erospace research and development; - Exchlunge of scientific and technictal Intformation; - Providing assistance to member nations for the purpose of increasing their scientific and technical potential; - Rendering scientific atd technical assistance, as requested, to other NATO bodies and to member ntationslen conntection with research and development problems In the aerospace field, The highest authority within AGARI) is the National l)elegates Boardt consisting of officially appointed senior representatives from each member ination. The mission of AGARI) ii carried out through the Panels which tire composed of experts appointed by the National D~elegates, the Consultant and Exchange Programme and the Aerospiace Applications Studies Programme, The results of AIARI) work tire reported itot lte member tnttions atid the NAT'O Authorities thttought the ACIARIJseries of'publications of which this is one, Participation in ACJARI) activitics Isb yi tnvitatiott otnly and is tnormally limited to citizens oftlte NNUO naottionts. ulýI'hu content oift his putilicailon himsh eenicrip rduced directly from material supplied by A( A RI or the iauthiors. Accessilon For (TRSA &I DTIC TAB E Unsim-rirouctud Published April Wtt0 By Copyright C AUARI) 14t0 D1 ti,s bI u~t I a/ All Rights Reserved Avvo iiCstdUo lISBNi 9J293.5-t0554-9 Dlint spoo'aul Printed byS pecaalised Prinring ervlivea intited 40 Chigovel Lane, L~otughton, fEssei 1(0 312 Ii Preface AtlIsinices iii iircritit syste'ii tichittltigy, ttile gillilte sp'cti 1tliti itiiiitutt5raiility ofi continil ailcrali, tice iiicri'llt'l ComplexiiiXtyia nd soiphisiittictiti or file projected conthlat cissimunficutl tiiguilir withi anitncreaseid amout(ifio inform~aition Iruscittud to the pilot, has ledt o nuts%t CIiiatttLis (in hITI. 'ihu.Su factors tiC idiLci 10 tilti' claNssical ciivir1o011t1iutC1thili lingcwsh ichi tiglilu piiloits alri'aidy hid In face' Iilii tilel~in .Iii ordier to respondilippiipriiitcy, ii high1leues diiNillttiiiall iwillLlitss his III 11 Avitotiis'littmtitiiiii atwareness5 ii thIIisC ollieii Is i cogniIivc silliv Ilill is 11C inafrmnatiiIo lIf' twoit(c Its, nianIcy - iilt'iil oli cillatitils, fliii iiiI lilt it wiiruiicsso fi th cnisittiily Chalngi!lig titrcrit crei' lIt riinniiip*iit o l Sae lIn ottict~ it) i-cvicss the tevlVtIiiiiiitts atil( iusciiil chi'tivitit's which are iclatud toI sittuitiottti iwarictiss fii (ihc NAIC loomlirit's.diI i'AC Ri Atriisptct' M'iiu'il I1'10iii hai Iiti~uicri tli. S\ 'itiiN llimiy topics were CinISIttcruti. iliust' ItI~eldl : Mi'thitisIi 1011S.5SN ittiititl litltlV WS5i tll illfile laborattory wild Il light, - l'rsciiiiimiii iiiiiimitititii ticec ockpit; - Icicfuoprtioattiiift iniucuss icrotmutucandtritigicgmthiods. SonicVo f lit' ditiaitl coclsodC1IUMI)N.SsC iitCti Ill thits Syttillosuiltt tic- of' at prclinitniry Ilintitlint!u iitdiciitc hut1E1t ilicthe tusitisi t tcci ul.l'iiitcIi'nor thcrc is cdnitcii' that litmitt faictors tire still iiiiccisftuctnttrdiuin g tile dusigit siiigc if uiklIittCCti figlimiirniri tifi titt'itpiis, 11is ii lict-dim tilt- informtiontt iroivitied ini tlits VohetimeS till !Ic Iitrtiditccd into flutic lilirillit tcchiiitiigy thui flight 1hOisittI'iii'S 1111l thIuss ~iitfv the tiecudosf thu NATO coutrieiiis. 1IN1i'llgiltigrs rt1iitlisc (11i11uSV Stc clitiiiiogcsN tics sys~tilics uiviiiiitgtcs. Ill 'itcssc Ci liti iiiuiiiililiiilt aCtRult' iii'S itit01tti. lItI. cittlhlil, il ititiiiilt'siti'ec ili Sotlhihtstit'ittioii itijoljtis t'ilisstiiilc'i tIc i'uiivioiiinicirivicn tIc Coibiiii tics scuiiiirii's5 0 jluglrlcý ti IV sItiiti 1iccil th'iu01111titoiiiiiis prclsviiii ;ill ilitti lie fiort kqialioulitihi smct iiii-gc tic ituisuihi. [iii tIIIItrC tollý i-s iltiticilis soiiii ii aijllicil ;klx uiiutificaitiiiis tiuissittuesdti c 'ii' itonuicncivt tIc Iliitrlletiicf 1111es putt'es teccIhci isSs &ij iti iiiisuitvt's uluiis it' I~'lc I Sailtcsi 's cittthuiiitts. Ic shinodeo ii 1maitvitii a,i[c ctIVViiii iI Iit~llli ittllill 4 tll ItI' iiiiiilinclitisl Stwilittt uj touinice[ q , uSC \'itic'sOt1Un ktIgt'i c Ill WCCltit'iiiitehstlill itti Slit iuiliiiit'uir Os1iNnW4 tciut t c111t itl t't)IiiitSC tic ViensV CeitVittut N;l5iiii lulu tit' MCO~ltVticAc- ikiiCCr 0siu al ticI l I A 41) a ttgiti sc1t IV Sytiioittiti(i ii IIoI II rV iic' tiuit l tt' i'5'CitSili'iI' iii cNt1ic1si ilIit'umiutsittti csitst piiitti'ivi,r i icii tits ý1I(C 11hti l t sIii titsi' a IoI I ltuI usV il (Il: l t.iNistiiii igl iit':I ICS1:kT ;I111 Lehindrtti cW dcitii iospiiiit't' M I)i ogns ynp~tllIOlllNI 1il VS(01111121121NC L ~ IuvU Iii rel -istte'il itiiiticls tilt intuIVtionasn .lt Stauttlie.n elclt kusI. 113,mnii. IM i li 11)1 aupei' ittl tni oo ili I l It 4t VVlointti a ulsls )I ifti0ii it1,'f.il l's11 utliigLU sI1ýl (iuIs iiti tiiit' t'ciiilicici cittis iffiritntitI ns cnitditittistfisil l rst'uCdii e' iodutit s vipiiit scraIgfldlitciciIu l ittup uiiienipin iirc a , pSiuvaieulttioiins tic sivistiici rs sit otisitidlltiiitii i rt iIcli tp iiicption utnii cti citsc 111el cliiltiiot nlice ticittti'is ii'iitiiiitci'iiiittgi uiiiiitttiits.usi qtg't thins ucsp ioiic'titrcs tIcI nii, aiiii tic rdptiiiru ails h'soiiii dvs patittatitmics tic it fi'A N iii Aerospace Medical Panel C'hairmian: Mr CharleN hatahJr, Deputy Chiirlnanw Prof. (iSaintucci Director, Iluman Engineeringt Division Chef du Larb, Central de AAMRI,/HIE Biologic Airospatiinlv Wright-I'litersoin AFIB, Ohio 45433-6i573 C.F.RMA, United SIuuae Buse d'EmsNis en Vol )1228 Britigny s/Orge Cedex France PROGRAMME COMMITTEE Chuirman: Professor L.i.Vogt I)LR Dleutsche tForsihunigsiunstil " i! Ltft- und Rlumfidirt c,V, I~ostifhd Vt)l fi( 5 N D.-5000) Kblln 90 Federal Republic of iermany Me(cid:127)rbci,ý: Di AJienson RAF Institute of Aviation Medicine Farnborough, Il unts GU 14 61il) United Kingdom lProfUsNor WJ.OstUrveid Acadetnish Medisch Centrumn KNO Vestihulaire Addeling Meibergdreef Y 1105 AZ Amsterdam-Zuidoost Tile Netherlands HOST NATION COORDINATOR Mr H.IHBiiklaetd Dianish Defence Research vstibliutrntee PO. Box 2715 t)K-2100 Copenhagen 0 Denmark PANEL EXECUTIVE Major J.A.Winship, CAF AGARD/NAT() 7, rue Ancelle 92200 Ncuilly sur Seine Frunce IV Contents PagIe PREFACE lib PANEL AND MEETING OFFICIALS IV OPENING CEREMONIES 0C Reference KEYNOTE ADDRESS; SITUATIONAL AWARENESS IN AEROSPACE OPERATIONS - KA ONLY A PILOT1S CHALLENGE? by (,H.ldt OVERVIEW LES DETERMINANTS DE IAPPREIIATION DE LA SITUATION TAC-lIQu.E )T OV-I ILED EVELOPPEMENT DE SYSTEMES IVAIDES ERGONOMIQI IFUS par J.PMenu el RAinalberti SPATIAL DISORIENTATION ýN('II)FNTS IN THE RN.LA,F. F-16 AND F.5 AIRCRAFT OVWE AND SUGGESTIONS FOR PREVENTION by A.Kuipers, A.Kappers, C.R.van Holten, .JH,W.von Bergen and WJ.OoNterveld SESSION I - ASSESSMENT OF S!IT.ATIONAL AWAILNE'tS A MFTI4ODOIA)GY FOR TIHE OBIECTIVE MEASUREMENT OF IILOT SITUATION AWARENESS I by M.R.Endyley Paper 2 wllhdruvwn SITUATIONAL AWARENESS RATING TECIINIQII(cid:127)E (SAR'i THE DEVEIOPMENT OF A TOOL FOR AIR(REW SYSTEMS I)ESIGN by NM,'I'ayl)r IIRFORMAN(E.IIASFH) MEIASURE.S OF MERIT FOR TACTI(CAL SIII ATION AWARENESS 4 by M.Venturino, W.L.Ila itolL and S.I)worchok EVALIUA'IOIN OF TIlE SITIIATIONAI, AWARENESS RATING 'tIE('IINIQI(I E (SART) 5 AS A TOOl FOR AIR(RELW SYSTEIMS DESIGN by S.J.Selconw i d R.M.Tiylor AIIENTION GRADIENTS IN SITUATION AWARENESS 6 by M.l,.Fracker SESSION 2 - PRESENTATION OF INFORMATION TOWARI)DS A Fl ITII RE COCKPIT - THE PROTOTYPING AND PIILOT INTFIRATION 7 OF THE MISSION MANAGEMENT All) (MMA) by (.P.Whoin, and A.j.Garrell TIlE TIIRIE-DIMIMNSIONAL STRTI('TUIRE OF VISUAL. ArENTrION AND) I'S IMPLICATIONS 8 FOR I)ISPLAY DESIGN by FlI.Prevle A REAL TIME EVALUATION OF THE USE OF A PERSPEC'TIVE FORMAT TO PROMOTE 9 SITt IATIONAL AWARENESS IN UISERS OF AIR TO AIR TAUTICAL DISPLAYS by I),Itdley (Ahbstract only) Reference (OUNTERAIR SITUATION AWARENESS DISPLAY FOR ARMY AVIATION to by C.C.Snmyth. F.J.Malki" and W.8,I)e Be~llim DESIGNATION D'OBJECTIFS SOUlS FA TEI. liRD E CHARG.E: I I INTERET ET LIMITES DU VISEUR DE CASQUE par A.LkAger of P.Sandor THlE SIMULATION OF LOCALIZED SOUNDS FOR IMPROVED SITUATIONAL AWARENESS 1 2 by P.L.N.Nalsh THE EFFECTS OF ACOUSTIC ORIENTATION CUES ON INSTPvUMFN'f :L'~T 13 PERFORMANCE IN A FLIGHT SIMULATOR by T.J.Lyonu, K.K.Gllllnghani, .C.Team, W.R.Ercollne and C,(,akir' SESSION 3 - PERCEPTION, PERFOhMAN 'E Ar) tRAININC WORKLOAD INDUCED SPATIO-TEMPORAL DISTORTIONS AND SAFETY OF FLIGIITZ 14 AN INVESTIGATION OF COGNITIVE INTRUSIONS IN PERCEPTUJAL PROCESSES by CI,,Barratt and S.A.Wecifforbcr EXPERIMENTAL TESTS ON THE MINIMAL VISUAL ACUITY REQUIRED FOR SAFE AIR CREW 1 AND) AIR CONTROL PERSONNEL PERFORMANCE by J.Draeger anJIR .Schwartz PERFORMANCE DE TRACKING ET INFLUENCE DU CHAMP DE VISION 16 par P.Sandor et AL6gcr NEUROPHYSPOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF INFORMATION PROCESSING ABILITIES 17 DURING DIVIDED ATTENTION SITUATIONS IN AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS by S.Pordi, GDeII'Erba, L.Riclu, M.Peronil and P,Vouturl BAISSE DE LA VIGILANCE ET CONSCIENCE DE LA SITUATION D)ES PILOTES 18 ALCPO URS DE VOLS%L ONG-COURRIERS par A.CobIentz, JP.PouilloI, R.Mullard of P.Cabon EVALU ATION OF THE PERFORMANCE CAPABILITY OF THE AVIATOR UNDER 19 IlYPOXIC CONDITIONS OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCE by FRloa de Tejada, L.Mirquez deI s Plata, C,Alonso Rodeiguez aiid JJ.JCaiii6n Romewro EFFECTS OF SHORT-TERM WEIGHTLESSNESS ON ROLL CIRCULARVECTION 201 by D.G.LiWaff and JP.Landolt MAINTAINING; SPA IIAL ORIENTATION AWARENESS 21 by A.Ruperl, A.Meteeuun and r.E.Guedry 0C. I OPENINGC ERIEMNIES MaJor Genieral Road JESSEN M.D., D.A. Diroartor flnerrerrl Mirriclno Seirairan Dariltir Defence fommandrr P.O. Box 2012 DK1-2950 1 IDilPEK Dorirrark Mr. Glhei rmarr, dIntinturia ia harl m Ittoqin. I nil ian rind nont)(lemon.1 Oil hoiraillf Of I.Tiw tltira of Deonaorv It to my priail ma tIon WE!cr ill tiii]io f puiji ti fopurilaavi~i it) thin AfARlO/AlIr nynponlomi oar5 TUAtITONAAlW. AIWNfSINSý A EROSPALOcWf ERATIION!]. It Au, however * much mare thrirl at print lrrqc to aol come, porn It In it variy pirooiraiil phumiri nifa n iii' Iliii muny ajanit ciiiIonortalti'nl ora Fr anie hr, my rOwiic ity - rint]t hlnocv e orryictally Ilntoi Loic on, 1.i1i ailoriditi Prablrirly clue toi my ratliar hmmmiylb ackgroundaInt aLr r clilniar'l porr- t niridllttiion t Irma ciit nyatilorircro olaitiin In fime IHint oin AflOVIti'ft MEOWI NE PRlOGCAMell en lit priromote rind mriritrrint ar ltirilc~ ondi maritl driicotlairicilt, liotarnL a, dn ieurminar (WhichIrlai thir( dcliviition Lar ENVI RIONMENTAit.E .t Ill riidn try WHlO). It, tiiionr c rdril AAri tinAr MrDI)it] Eelaulilr liy br nIlp liii rtiiaierrimil Wit Ouiranc it ont-i ' Iti ri1oif 'onyll,0Iii Ehynitan, eriari ol cart eoricn Well -balirr - unilrd ntm-rarly thii prctanici r rir tiiurricr if- dnt riiru oirr infIrmary, So, talkitrr nbrruat fiomt l a ArnnIIAfri'Ai MI-i)IE it lionI iv ly coiric~viurir trio]r Waitli (lit, E ilicrvnIf it, ararintInvrri irurai roirnirt no lot liii p hiroicn iiaiaci larI rhýinertrac i ono [Ii Iirtwiri loItIi I tit arnl 111 wramikm livi rmc, l Wir rio i lii rrtiidtedl. Tlire humniar f sirair toin ininiri prminl it) tIIt. I(r ritrorilntII lt hi (]illiii i I talIi ii ik l i firui l( raI t Ic tilt Mitlhtim, LanII'ihniaIn nd pirptelvi lil thre othar, trio nJ ir lairo'I lint Lhl MAN/MACiIINL1t1il1 0Itt Al. thina nibirrtit crirrtrovvniry heijan tilrandly - moretilrriri 10 yurina aujir - tar crrari a iirnxtat y untoldWorry liii toi n prnnaibIi to Iack of' bli] mici tretwarra 1 larti"iiirr ir"ajirli ti ll Icii i lilt-'hitaiiiirrta tii 11iiIarn ulf~ur ar.o.r. .. i I l worincI q in tin- iorikp it Iii Ira C(a-arn Irilh lniarfirirmitr'r- fIr~litri i.WrIi liiii ' ii huIIito il i II ciith hiii ii? Woualdw e liave tII lank ltar anuni nrrirri-cr'cit ijren tii lii' ralirhLIari? Enecrybirri knowmn thire] Oor highji pir'rfirrnario 'r' it rirci r11-ra l~tl I loiri tip run. Buti it I ii] rio knorwn Hull tle dtevertipmrant [inn hillosnirria iitrearri orriiar rrckI nit ion Hirrimrrl itliii . flothI u~lipirico I 110 irpiliar Iil uiri]. Arid the' antiroiatirr irirnLvi j l Fr ufide Toot findt o Eiii il WithI t ill!r r iiiniirnraa r 11 i rii'w Hili orniiii to li lt-i piroifra ioion. Ilt is 1"IT. rar nn mienon, if poin iiroodlI r lrputv diiiii rrrrniot (n liii Atiflt(i'AVI Mill] Al IiANHi MlTI INili(Ir- AGA]]) lii irhiq I irrri I rail ITT pi-irrir A tntr oclorrinfiiri ruf lilt! ir Irur i f un Ininiu f'rIi n irn1I r al iIin i l i lii hitiiltry irapii 'at ivirirr Will i riontr- uit hair if uniht i r-rin ariri I nil l11iii ri fniari Ih, r] hil'ii iuryrrui It'rilirriilirrill'u World-Ii riairon i intiular In till, fill(,( Liii, liunit iii] nrn o HIIria it ijl lo 'lrrifuciiirii'm lirIlirli. lrrri irtn ? ]r nir iiti ' trll i rirjI n irlunpy hi tll,' ninu-Iirhl io ni uii,r iirrlea (ir ii Iuirimnr tIoi coirc Witli'? iv toriurram Itrrrrin or u AilAlli, III Irv ing Si t tini- Inronirrir ir ntit prnir ii biifia fril Ili i liv N1 111 iy Civrnril itea irE NA]]] nina1t a in topic ,)i Hirelri nlrireri lilt, coribirt pl] tini] rnraiitiauniiirr u tirnri [ilit,' pi lot In oIlltyyI lii ilnaurti rail rinninqir a fia'raint inn croirnai il I ip Ii noriiritiin nrinirira arrtiu n ii Wiii'faifii iiprrl riarir Jii lii mdl IucnI iniformrant I rn bliiir int urn tyirt run runii ili) i. all irirrrninror rirr ind Iii firtr Iii, wrirk iiq rim i rormirerit or thin earotr-r ratillt icy pilt FuiIoldr TrierA litiI ll-p irE lilt,n irrnoni/irrriirr tiryrtiri Ili i lrri inn ;taiirricnilnaqlyo ri eoaprlrreritiianrnrrr,r liriI n thproorita rtt IrrwlmarIr rivlairirrr rrrlriir e Faouriunrttpy a onlrt il iWrtui'iil d naertr crliin t- ajiarit. itoatnrr IctW.iinnihatiin]c ,h t Ilriu ni rirruarnroicrt utEilrl i okrilid trl ilt ruiit iobn~irrles thre piilot munat, fly I nw runfruint. to aura lir, vrcyrirliii litmerit iii triril ]l-frorvnrr tiimpnrti ii iii, Willi a1 mar-p hiit rote aorirre tolfni ll I irlnranl OXreatIrnleri p rCIupt3a illwt i Lira tirirkir of iliciit proilt runtl ru car, of run iaorI nq ltne inurt rriaririr if ii tircrainhia]Iilro irprit irar.n NrrmrttiniinnrIa, tilar lii ht ririrri lit III muriltmi~r ftlifirt dirt~ir, ii] iriulft. yipt iviri, tRoial muvanugirurirnlrnt r]im i inrn ovoli ~~l;Ha. oituir oif- lirinil rin lidIII[ LFIrAlrat.i r] e a tl aoio, untl i rIniontir porform tonurk ira ioi]] yr irrrraiivirrrerl ot idecrutrti c cririt rrni-mnirirri'r weampirair iriiniiaar iau.Ionor coil tirrajit -lidetrui iiretiota rnrditr icetairrit. arn "yu] airir iurirtlj It br ef' liar Ird iot _thu' r ii I rf t heira fiormne on naeai iir muntll nmdCiotV nilna,I i arrioo I p. [lilt , a a111' the rein qiiire Hoi, t leto )vi wl'lmhr e nailrtrimn iranrn WhilI ra rtinr reqire~i hrrii fir.i mii rio iii InHra cnii-kprii finfl"rpiyo, thre role of urn flicltit: orarrleri ira fnrturr cerianpare eredla lire Ili ain carnalir no ftriirri kirlitira ruimautt arn. lTre cirarintr arC lire ]lijlrt mrirrrrano will ire raperin intri ii ii Ivory tocinciiilrgiuji'l aund tophiI lint. icwiteut cratiroirmenat. nirjnitieqi~ a lot ef meritfii raildp llain tarn] nirea - Whitle Hiirbirnr rar ol grournrd. lne p1tallt rwill tie coafronitei with teann of trictinaliar-intm o, nrclnawmri, nonrlraiiatrinhnn, whoEt oleottier wilt t~ry to creoLdr IlIre moot effectirae ann7i7iatrtire Itrilteretloana n wenpnr rIot fore. The ve'ry raptil iviil it ifin In Fivial isin thl-irnicli li iit'I 111 (1 lyr FII'Iitn lis in I,u vi I htil iivriinji'uii fcie is-is', I in, nintLusinl dvaiii su withtl~11a1j1 ti isiil mrliiinl wirk tin i iinpl ox where' 0111 A1tili I lifIi fl iti- ,ll Iy ,na llii' nvwtii fiari til,e nh)iiririiioi'ili t hrent andi nt iio . Ilwiv WIllh it pfrit irf lii, smiii/msi-ii it ir "iiiiiii i etc . Aerospace mendicil. recinetch endeavorsr to loventiist~nn the vuny Hlimte oof humnmii oilemsoo tii tfIto env ironment c reated by adkuanrodl mnro~pripsne ng innearinl Thqpf fonrssinismnsiii m of thlin mc~iriia I iv snuts it; Il enhance performance aind eviniarn the a'sirsty isf the crtiinwi iinjiisiil Iin I liae linvi rriniiiisi tsr hli sou'ssi hI'ii~vein toletarine, Bot as long usi the plont. iii a hmoan, thii fI i~jt ssatqeois will uilso bil mrinissnnihlis fir tilsl henitt - whirli' ae menisulonedtm eians sinl ata~i of phymf une1 , mental , ianid nsiiinj will I -tliniri The viiiit iiiinslsspiliiiiPi ill tstvnotosjy haes riot Chnt gedss t tinl tsr inciplci of' tthe tWtO iolelaru ain. Ansnqroipnc Moislnlii', Will pintusiu Ili,, gillat aigainst hoting noL nrly t he limitinlg fac-tor sit the aiifoiio p int.o rm - sut eiveni the5 Winter ini thini game Asnw rirttens Ili tthe Hitimi' fosr Ithinsinmci lis, "Av iatar lisuat uionnil saworni'sis tiros is u'ivytiliut ifiu ofit' swiiieiieei siffiu spaiiis or ienital lois. toi nistisni to ri'ilsiiril Iifijuisip I itily,i sili.ts.l 'livilid i nil onul1imii ~llili i inIgh level of lt~uatlonril swervniuisn. ImnnovAti no basic asti apsplied reiamarscl hr iijrinq rist~ soit ano thIiin iopti' li in ioijlw ii jntiill llwitli will result in improvned inofsrmaioiIns prteneotetion iaou thuis milus optlimial vise sit tiimis ifi lirnit isol pin'llfs 111(1 anod dcsisinol-makminis capabilitices". It is more Importanit t~hsii ovier thatmt thei flighit aurcsiiimo issi isit s lii rsiesnFirc iii iolslipuii'ilUtld toi I lii enire system throciugh all poniblhi ciusniumisai n ordetr tol uvou'mn flit,' tjilslosiiril intlsunP of th 111Isioinini s this technological world, I wish Lhe Aerospace Medical Paneal of AIIARI gossid link wi lith ins chaleilmv" saint - rni'fhslIy -you matl o very good week iii tiopentiopqen. KA- I S111 IAI'IONAI, AWARENEiSS IN AERMOSPAVt OP1ERATrIONS (NIA' A PIIOT'" ('CIIAI-IEN(F? (irioieIl lv:a i, ( X'(,hTnIcI , )A\i ('iici,f iSi, 1iilcii(cid:127)c I Air ('oninnd KInip Air lias Koivrn, Kinnp I)K 747Q, I)ermonrk Since man realized that birds could fly, he has wanted to do so himself. It took us thousands of years to get there, and ever since we learned the basics - and understood the basics behind the basics - the development in aerospace operations has been overwhelm- ing. Normally we want evolution - in order to be able to master development. Within the field of aerospace we have been forced to accept revolution In order to cope with the progress in aviation at large. It took less than 7& years to go from the first flight of man and onto the first human step on the surface of the moon. This development is really astonishing dnd to be honest - also slightly frightening. Can we keep up the pace and hopefully keep the human being on top and thereby ahead of the developments in aerospace activities, not least in aerospace medicine? The keynote address to this symposium will center on the way ahead, The euperts have learned a lot from history, We have to preserve ill this knowledge and transform it beyond our present state of the art to make sure that the aerospace establishment, including all the players from scientists to amateur pilots, will be able to cope with the situation - no matter If it isa question of safe passenger transportation or efficient military air operations In order to maintain peace and democracy. Aerospace operations have now evolved so far that people who fear flyingI must fly anyway itf they want to be full members of modern society. Aerospace operations are part of daily lIfe and almost any kind of military operation. Aerospace operations are vital for environmental, scientific and space exploratio:s purposes, and they constitute a sub- stantial amount of public and private spending, Looking ahead - and looking at the AGARD overall objectives - the subject of this sym- posium seems to be extrernely relevant. "SITUATIONAL AWARENESS IN AEROSPACE OPERATIONS" touches on probably the single most Important issue of all - common to us all, regardless of education, rank and occupation. If the players involved in aerospace operations are not aware of their own and their fel- low operators' situation - disaster is Just around the corner. For a great many years a substantial amount of effort was concentrated around making objects fly. Thereafter It became quite clear, that It took a great deal of skill and talent to fly these objects. As flyIng developed into what we know today, we also learned that there is no easy way to safe and efficient aerospace operations. The accidont records are enormous. The chal- lenge oh leaving 'terra firms" in the early days seems to have had its own law of gravity, Nobody - or more correctly few - accepted that It took more than talent (and a pood portion of luck) to operate in the aerospace environment, However, since the beginning of flight, mankind has slowly learned to adjust to the enormous challenges of operatIng airplanes and spacecraft. The responsible organizations have put a considerable effort into training talented pilots to become efficient commanders of reliable aircraft, be they civilian or military. It Is interesting to note the evolution In pilot salection procedures. During the last twenty years the leading nations within this field have been able to Improve tic prodecures to almost perfectIon, In the Royal Danish Air Force the failure rate of pilots that havn passed the Initial selection process is close to 5%, which is extraordinary considering the problems Involved, However, we must all realize that the real challenge lies ahead, when thL training 'vatom has to turn the remaining 95% of the student pilots Into safe and effi- cient operators, ABLTY (TAL ENT) The initial selection process might be characterized as the measurement of basic know- ledge and ability - or talent - to go through the whole process of pilot training with a high probability of success, ivcludlig lobug Lerm efficioncy And survival rate. We rate not only the handling skills, but also deeper emotional and personality clharacteristica in order to assure a righ degree of success, both for the LrganIzation and for the Indi- vidual, A good esample of just one very Important factor, that has been become increas- ingly important, Is the ability to reject applicants with no or little sense of fear. In the early days this kind of person was estimated to be the best type of candidate for pilot training. Now we know that a fearless pilot In a menace to his own and everybody Plses' safety. TRAINING It is probably unnecessary to spend much time on the importance of training, In our day end age It is generally accepted, that it takes a lot of effort and concentrated training to become efficient in aerospace operations. The basics to build on is a certain amount of knowledge and ability - or talent - as described above, However the training system has become a very sophisticated one, capable of exploiting and developing the talent within a rather short span of time, so that the combination of talent and tra ining evolves Into the basic skill of flying.