Shakespeare and Science ARDEN SHAKESPEARE DICTIONARY SERIES SERIES EDITOR Sandra Clark (Birkbeck College, University of London) Class and Society in Shakespeare Paul Innes Military Language in Shakespeare Charles Edelman Shakespeare’s Books Stuart Gillespie Shakespeare’s Demonology Marion Gibson Shakespeare and Domestic Life Sandra Clark Shakespeare’s Insults Nathalie Vienne-Guerrin Shakespeare and the Language of Food Joan Fitzpatrick Shakespeare’s Legal Language B. J. Sokol and Mary Sokol Shakespeare and London Sarah Dustagheer Shakespeare’s Medical Language Sujata Iyengar Shakespeare’s Musical Language Christopher R. Wilson Shakespeare and National Identity Christopher Ivic Shakespeare’s Non-Standard English N. F. Blake Shakespeare’s Political and Economic Language Vivian Thomas Shakespeare’s Theatre Hugh Macrae Richmond Shakespeare and Visual Culture Armelle Sabatier Women in Shakespeare Alison Findlay FORTHCOMING: Shakespeare and Animals Karen Raber and Karen Edwards Shakespeare’s Classical Mythology Katherine Heavey and Janice Valls-Russell Shakespeare and the Environment Sophie Chiari Shakespeare’s Voyaging and Maritime Language Jo Esra Shakespeare and Science A Dictionary KATHERINE WALKER THE ARDEN SHAKESPEARE Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square, London, WC1B 3DP, UK 1385 Broadway, New York, NY 10018, USA 29 Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, Ireland BLOOMSBURY, THE ARDEN SHAKESPEARE and the Arden Shakespeare logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published in Great Britain 2022 Copyright © Katherine Walker, 2022 Katherine Walker has asserted her right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the author of this work. For legal purposes the Acknowledgements on p. vii constitute an extension of this copyright page. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc does not have any control over, or responsibility for, any third-party websites referred to or in this book. All internet addresses given in this book were correct at the time of going to press. The author and publisher regret any inconvenience caused if addresses have changed or sites have ceased to exist, but can accept no responsibility for any such changes. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN: HB: 978-1-3500-4462-3 ePDF: 978-1-3500-4464-7 eBook: 978-1-3500-4463-0 Series: Arden Shakespeare Dictionaries Typeset by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. To find out more about our authors and books visit www.bloomsbury.com and sign up for our newsletters. Contents Series Editor’s Preface vi Acknowledgements vii List of Abbreviations viii List of Headwords x Introduction 1 A–Z 7 Bibliography 256 Index 289 Series Editor’s Preface The Arden Shakespeare Dictionaries aim to provide the student of Shakespeare with a series of authoritative guides to the principal subject areas covered by the plays and poems. They are produced by scholars who are experts both on Shakespeare and on the topic of the individual dictionary, based on the most recent scholarship, succinctly written and accessibly presented. They offer readers a self-contained body of information on the topic under discussion, its occurrence and significance in Shakespeare’s works, and its contemporary meanings. The topics are all vital ones for understanding the plays and poems; they have been selected for their importance in illuminating aspects of Shakespeare’s writings where an informed understanding of the range of Shakespeare’s usage and of the contemporary literary, historical and cultural issues involved will add to the reader’s appreciation of his work. Because of the diversity of the topics covered in the series, individual dictionaries may vary in emphasis and approach, but the aim and basic format of the entries remain the same from volume to volume. Sandra Clark Birkbeck College University of London Acknowledgements My first thanks go to Mary Floyd-Wilson, who believed in this project from the start. Mary significantly helped shape the questions I asked when approaching the capacious topic of Shakespeare and science. I also offer my sincere thanks to Sandra Clark, who has been such a generous and helpful editor. Those who have provided love and support throughout my work on this book also deserve my deepest gratitude. Thank you Ryan, Darlene, Steve and Jake. Abbreviations A&C Antony and Cleopatra AWW All’s Well That Ends Well AYLI As You Like It Cor. Coriolanus Cym. Cymbeline Err. The Comedy of Errors Ham. Hamlet 1 HIV The First Part of Henry IV 2 HIV The Second Part of Henry IV HV Henry the Fifth 1 HVI The First Part of Henry VI 2 HVI The Second Part of HVI 3 HVI The Third Part of HVI HVIII King Henry VIII JC Julius Caesar KJ King John KL King Lear LC A Lover’s Complaint LLL Love’s Labours Lost Luc. The Rape of Lucrece Mac. Macbeth MAdo Much Ado About Nothing MM Measure for Measure MND A Midsummer Night’s Dream MerV The Merchant of Venice MWW The Merry Wives of Windsor Oth. Othello Abbreviations Per. Pericles PP The Passionate Pilgrim PT The Phoenix and the Turtle RII King Richard II RIII King Richard III R&J Romeo and Juliet Shrew The Taming of the Shrew Son. Sonnets T&C Troilus and Cressida Temp. The Tempest TGV The Two Gentlemen of Verona Tim. Timon of Athens Tit. Titus Andronicus TN Twelfth Night TNK The Two Noble Kinsmen V&A Venus and Adonis WT The Winter’s Tale ix