SECTION 19 Sermon Structure and Outlining SERMON STRUCTURE AND OUTLINING “Excellence of sermon structure can not compensate for the absence of the Holy Spirit. Without the guidance and empowerment of the Holy Spirit, the preacher however skilled in homiletical techniques, would be only ‘a homiletical carpenter’ producing and delivering ‘wooden sermons.’” -Koller, pgs 42-43 “It is more important clumsily to have something to say than cleverly to say nothing.” -Ibid. “The golden rule for sermon outlines is that each text must be allowed to supply its own structure.” -John Stott “An effective contemporary biblical preacher must devise a structured approach for moving from the study notes to the developed sermon. In other words, he must bring ‘order’ to the sermon out of the ‘chaos’ of the material, This process will bring unity and movement to the form and structure of the sermon.” -Joel Gregory 1 “Though the purpose of the sermon may be different from the purpose of the text, the purpose of the sermon will not violate the purpose of the text, for ‘whenever preachers depart from the purpose and the intent of a biblical portion, to that extent they lose their authority to preach.’” -Timothy Warren, BibSac (Oct-Dec 1991): 480, (quote is from Jay Adams, Preaching With Purpose, p19) “The bottom line for structuring a sermon is found in this acronym. • Faithful to the text • Obvious from the text • Related to the Fallen Condition Focus and • Moving toward a climax.” -Bryan Chapell I. INTRODUCTION Haddon Robinson identifies 12 stages in developing an expository sermon: • Stage # 1 - Select the biblical passage for the sermon. • Stage #2 - Study the biblical passage for the sermon. • Stage #3 - Outline the biblical passage for the sermon. • Stage #4 - Discover the main idea of the text. • Stage #5 - Develop the main idea. • Stage #6 - Determine the sermon idea. • Stage #7 - Determine the sermon’s purpose. • Stage #8 - Determine the sermon’s design. • Stage #9 - Outline the sermon. 2 • Stage #10 - Develop the sermon. • Stage #11 - Construct the introduction and conclusion. • Stage #12 - Prepare and deliver the sermon. We are concerned at this point in sermon development with stages #3 and #9. This worksheet titled “Outlining the Sermon” provides an overview of this aspect of preaching. OUTLINING THE SERMON 1. Pray 2. Let your exegesis drive and determine the outline. 3. Have as many major points as the text naturally demands (locate seams). 4. Make sure points and subpoints arise clearly and naturally out of the text. Be able to see your outline in the text. 5. State your points in complete sentences. Be clear, concise and true to the text. 6. Make your points connect with the sermon title and the CPT and CPS. 7. Make sure your subpoints connect with the major point they support. 8. Do not overload your people with more than they can intellectually digest. 9. Cover and fill the skeleton of your outline with the meat and marrow of the exegesis. 10. Write out your sermon merging all aspects of your preparation with a view of exalting our Lord and edifying your potential congregation here and now. 11. Practice reading your text repeatedly and out loud. Remember: it is a sin to read God’s Word poorly. Jerry Vines believes outlining may be the most important step in sermon organization. It enhances the preacher's ability to communicate the central theme (CPS) of the sermon. It provides structure for the preacher, serves as a guide for the listener and gives the sermon a sense of pace. 3 Vines also notes that one of the distinguishing characteristics of an expository sermon is that the outline is not imposed on the Scripture passage, but the outline naturally emerges from the passage. And, although one should be cautious about having too many points, the number of points will vary depending on the passage. He further points out that the sermon outline may come at any given moment in sermon preparation; do not stop when the main points are not immediately visible, continue to study until they are. STEVEN OLFORD SEES 4 ESSENTIALS IN OUTLINING: 1. They should be biblical. 2. They should be logical. 3. They should be applicable. 4. They should be memorable. a. strive for simplicity b. strive for limiting the primary points and levels of structure c. strive to help people hear the outline d. strive to help people see the outline -(Olford, p149) WALTER LIEFIELD SAYS, Keep the following in mind as you structure the main outline and subpoints: 1. Your single sentence summary of the passage 2. Key ideas 3. Supporting data 4. Emotional color and 5. Trajectories in the context and book as a whole 6. Test your outline to be sure it is: a. Faithful to the text b. Obvious from the text c. Relevant to the hearers, and d. Neither trite not static, but dynamic, stimulating interest and response. It should move toward a climax. 4 II. SERMON ORGANIZATION 1. DEFINITION - GOOD ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE SERMON INCLUDES AN OUTLINE CONSISTING OF: a. Introduction b. Body (main divisions and sub-points) c. Conclusion 2. PURPOSE OF THE OUTLINE FOR THE PREACHER a. Clarity of thought b. Unity of thought c. Orderly development (progress, movement) d. Aids the memory - both of hearer and speaker 3. PURPOSE OF OUTLINE FOR THE CONGREGATION a. Clarity b. Retention - We process new information better if we an see its relationship to previous information (Law of Association) c. Persuasiveness d. Pleasure - Easier to listen to when it flows e. Attention - People listen better when the sermon is organized f. Ethos - (character) The listener feels the preacher has prepared and knows what he is talking about 4. CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD ORGANIZATION a. Unity - singularity of purpose (CIT) b. Order - How the various parts related to each other and the whole c. Balance - (symmetry, proportion) Give same or similar attention to each point: I. A. B. C. 5 II. A. B. C. d. Progress - forward movement, toward a climax. Like development of a novel (ex.. Question to Answer; Problem to Solution) RAMESH RICHARD ENCOURAGES THE MINISTER OF THE WORD TO S.A.V.E. (A) POINT! 1. State the point 2. Anchor the point 3. Validate the point 4. Exclaim the point 5. PRINCIPLES FOR DEVELOPING A GOOD SERMON OUTLINE: a. Each main point should grow out of the text. b. Each main point should be distinct from one another. c. Main divisions should be a single basic idea. d. Divisions should reflect orderly progress. Use logical patterns: 1. Order of importance 2. Cause to effect 3. Negative to positive comment e. Major divisions should be stated concisely: simply vocabulary and short sentences. f. Keep main points to a reasonable number (avg. person can assimilate no more than 7 things). g. Main points should be parallel in structure. (1) Make statements present tense. (2) Seldom make major points questions. (3) Use alliteration wisely. h. Outlines should be varied. “It is important to make sure that the main points are in a parallel structure - if one is a phrase, then all should be phrases instead of a single word or sentence. If one is in the imperative form or an interrogative, then it is best that the others also follow suit. Likewise, nouns should correspond with 6 nouns, verbs with verbs, and prepositions with prepositions. Thus, if the first point begins with a preposition, so should each of the other main points. Like the main points, the subpoints must also be in parallel structure.” - (Kaiser, Toward an Exegetical Theology, pgs.158, 160) 6. SUBPOINTS OF THE OUTLINE a. At least 2 points under each main point. b. Should be limited (2-3 normal). c. Don’t divide the outline beyond the subpoints. d. Subpoints should clearly relate to the main points. III. TYPES OF OUTLINES Joel Gregory identifies at least 6 types of outlines that can be adapted to text-driven preaching. 1. Ladder Sermon - moves from an accepted proposition to a more difficult proposition. 2. Jewel Sermon - holds up a single statement and turns it round and round under the light of the Holy Spirit until each facet of that statement reflects another aspect of the truth. 3. Twin Sermon - a 2-point, defining sermon that says, “This is not this; it is this.” 4. Chase Technique Sermon - in three points you ask, “Is it this? No.” “Is it this? No.” “Is it this? Yes?” 5. Tree Sermon or Organic Sermon - a way of outlining three points saying that a problem or opportunity “roots” here, “grows” in this way and “bares the fruit.” 6. Surprise Package or "O. Henry Sermon" - where the sermon ends with an explosive conclusion or surprise, as found in O. Henry’s short stories. *What about our focus? The text or the audience? “Should a sermon be text oriented or audience oriented? To an extent, the question is mute in reference to the sermon preparation method that is proposed here. I would like to suggest that the form of the movements of the sermon (the design-structure) is audience oriented (this along with the wording of the CPS and main points). The content of the body-structure is text oriented. Audience orientation affects the formal and/or external aspects of the sermon. Text orientation affects the content and internal aspects of the sermon.” Ramesh Richard 7 TEXT ORIENTATION AUDIENCE ORIENTATION As the sermon relates to the text As the sermon relates to the audience Statement of CPT Purpose of sermon Statement of CPS Structure of the entire sermon Sub-Introduction Introduction Structure of the sermon’s body Application Conclusion -Ramesh Richard IV. THE ELEMENTS OF A COMPETENT SERMON OUTLINE RAMESH RICHARD IDENTIFIES 9 CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD OUTLINING: 1. The outline should have a strong, clear relationship to the title. 2. Each major point should discuss only one aspect of the title or theme. 3. Each major point should be distinct from other points. 4. Each major point should be written as a complete sentence. 5. Each major point should be written in the present tense. 6. Each major point should have approximately equal value in the development of the sermon. 7. The points should be organized in whatever order and style will best communicate the textual interpretation to a particular congregation (e.g., logical, poetic, etc.). 8. The outline should contain specific rather than general wording. 9. Each major point should have a textual basis. JERRY VINES WOULD ADD: 1. Do not allow the outline to become so noticeable as to detract from the sermon. 2. Do not force points from your Scripture. 3. Do not become monotonous; allow for variety in arranging sermon outlines. 8 V. THE EXPOSITOR’S CHALLENGE 1. Preach with the Authority of the Scriptures 2. Touch lives with Relevancy 3. Adopt a Homiletical Method that is true to both authority and relevancy 4. Use the Bridging Processes - the then and the now 5. Guard Integrity in Application “Exegesis is never an end in itself. Its purposes are never fully realized until it begins to take into account the problems of transferring what has been learned from the text over to the waiting Church. To put it more bluntly, exegesis must come to terms with the audience as well as with what the author meant by the word he used.” (Kaiser, p.149) “The exegete must resist the temptation to impose a mold over the text by forcing that text to answer one of his favorite questions or to deal with one of the contemporary issues development; that our culture wants to have solved.” (Ibid., 153) “It is hoped that God's men and women will be challenged to reread that very same Biblical text on their own soon after they have heard the message. Even if they cannot recall the outline (they probably will not - sorry!), the Word of Scripture will still speak to them because they have thought through its structure and shape in such a way as to have divinely met God in that text.” (Ibid., 160) “More recently, we have tended to specialize in emphasizing the introduction. In fact, we have usually overindulged ourselves in the art of introducing texts and messages. [I would disagree here.] We have begun with references to the weekly newsmagazines, recent editorials, various opinion polls, and with quotes from prominent authors from the past. Meanwhile, much of our allotted time has been eaten up, and we still have not brought God’s people near to the text. It is almost as if we were afraid to cut that text l loose on God’s people.” (Ibid., 163) 9