Second Language Writing Systems SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION Series Editor:Professor David Singleton,Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland This new series will bring together titles dealing with a variety of aspects of language acquisition and processing in situations where a language or languages other than the native language is involved. Second language will thus be interpreted in its broadest possible sense. The volumes included in the series will all in their different ways offer, on the one hand, exposition and discussion of empirical findings and, on the other, some degree of theoretical reflection. In this latter connection, no particular theoretical stance will be privileged in the series; nor will any relevant perspective – sociolinguistic, psycholinguistic, neurolinguistic, etc. – be deemed out of place. The intended readership of the series will be final-year undergraduates working on second language acquisition projects, postgraduate students involved in second language acquisition research, and researchers and teachers in general whose interests include a second language acquisition component. Other Books in the Series Portraits of the L2 User Vivian Cook (ed.) Learning to Request in a Second Language: A Study of Child Interlanguage Pragmatics Machiko Achiba Effects of Second Language on the First Vivian Cook (ed.) Age and the Acquisition of English as a Foreign Language María del Pilar García Mayo and Maria Luisa García Lecumberri (eds) Fossilization in Adult Second Language Acquisition ZhaoHong Han Silence in Second Language Learning: A Psychoanalytic Reading Colette A. Granger Age, Accent and Experience in Second Language Acquisition Alene Moyer Studying Speaking to Inform Second Language Learning Diana Boxer and Andrew D. Cohen (eds) Language Acquisition: The Age Factor (2nd Edition) David Singleton and Lisa Ryan Focus on French as a Foreign Language: Multidisciplinary Approaches Jean-Marc Dewaele (ed.) Other books of Interest Cross-linguistic Influence in Third Language Acquisition J. Cenoz, B. Hufeisen and U. Jessner (eds) The Native Speaker: Myth and Reality Alan Davies Continua of Biliteracy: An Ecological Framework for Educational Policy, Research, and Practice in Multilingual Settings Nancy H. Hornberger (ed.) For more details of these or any other of our publications, please contact: Multilingual Matters, Frankfurt Lodge, Clevedon Hall, Victoria Road, Clevedon, BS21 7HH, England http://www.multilingual-matters.com SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION 11 Series Editor: David Singleton,Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland Second Language Writing Systems Edited by Vivian Cook and Benedetta Bassetti MULTILINGUAL MATTERS LTD Clevedon • Buffalo • Toronto Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data SecondLanguageWritingSystems/EditedbyVivianCookandBenedettaBassetti,1sted. Second Language Acquisition: 11 Includes index. 1. Second language acquisition. 2. Written communication–Study and teaching. 3. Language and languages–Orthography and spelling–Study and teaching. I. Cook, V.J. (Vivian James). II. Bassetti, Benedetta. III. Second language acquisition (Buffalo, N.Y.); 11. P118.2.S438 2005 418–dc22 2004022669 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue entry for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 1-85359-794-5 (hbk) ISBN 1-85359-793-7 (pbk) Multilingual Matters Ltd UK: Frankfurt Lodge, Clevedon Hall, Victoria Road, Clevedon BS21 7HH. USA: UTP, 2250 Military Road, Tonawanda, NY 14150, USA. Canada: UTP, 5201 Dufferin Street, North York, Ontario M3H 5T8, Canada. Copyright © 2005 Vivian Cook, Benedetta Bassetti and the authors of individual chapters. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher. Typeset by Techset Ltd. Printed and bound in Great Britain by the Cromwell Press Ltd. Contents Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii 1 An Introduction to ResearchingSecondLanguage Writing Systems Vivian Cook andBenedetta Bassetti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Part 1: Writing a Second Language WritingSystem 2 L2 Japanese KanjiMemory andRetrieval: An Experiment onthe Tip-of-the-pen(TOP)Phenomenon NobukoChikamatsu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 3 The Role of thePhonologicalStrategy inLearningto Spell inEnglish as a Second Language Ans Van Berkel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 4 Orthographic Knowledgeand First LanguageReading: EvidencefromSingle WordDictation from Chinese and MalaysianUsers of English as a ForeignLanguage Mick Randall. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 5 Learner Corpora and Handwriting HaroldSomers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 6 ACorpus-based Study of Spelling Errorsof Japanese EFL Writers with Referenceto ErrorsOccurring inWord-initial andWord-finalPositions TakeshiOkada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 7 Spelling andPronunciation in MigrantChildren:The Case ofItalian-SwissGermanBilinguals Stephan Schmid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Part 2: Readinga Second LanguageWriting System 8 Arethe L1 andL2 WordReading ProcessesAffected More by Writing System or Instruction? PhilScholfield and Gloria Shu-MeiChwo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 9 Effects of Second LanguageReading Proficiency andFirst Language Orthography onSecondLanguage WordRecognition Nobuhiko Akamatsu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 v vi SecondLanguageWritingSystems 10 Bilingual InteractiveActivation Modelsof WordRecognition in a Second Language WalterJ.B. VanHeuven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 11 The Effect of L1 Reading Processeson L2: ACrosslinguistic Comparison of Italian andJapanese Users ofEnglish Miho Sasaki. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Part3:Awareness ofLanguageandSecondLanguageWritingSystems 12 Learning to Read AcrossWriting Systems: Transfer, MetalinguisticAwareness,and Second-language Reading Development Keiko Koda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 13 Effects of WritingSystemson SecondLanguageAwareness: WordAwarenessin English LearnersofChinese asa ForeignLanguage Benedetta Bassetti. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 14 Phonological Awareness andSpelling SkillDevelopmentin Bilingual Biscriptal Children Lily H.-S. Lau and Susan J.Rickard Liow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 Part 4: Teaching a Second Language WritingSystem 15 Differentand Differing Views on Conceptualising Writing System Researchand Education ThereseDufresneand Diana Masny. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 16 Second LanguageWriting Systems: Minority Languagesand ReluctantReaders Tina Hickey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 17 Written LanguageandForeignLanguageTeaching VivianCook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 Acknowledgements We are grateful to the authors who gave their time and support to this project and produced such interesting and diverse contributions. We hopetheywillbeaspleasedwiththeresultasweare.Wearealsograte- ful to David Block and Iggy Roca for comments on various parts of this book, and to Charmian Kenner for permission to reproduce a figure from ‘Biliteracy in a monolingual school system? English and Gujarati in South London’, in Language, Culture and Curriculum, 13. The editors would also like to thank each other as this project could never have emergedfromone of usalone. Benedetta would like to thank her parents, Dr Francesco and Mrs Orietta Bassetti, for their constant psychological support and for sendingtonsof Italian chocolate fromacrossthe Channel. Finally the editors would not have managed without the musical works of Miles Davis, Enrico Pieranunzi, Domenico Scarlatti, Padre Antonio Soler, Antonio Vivaldi and Cassandra Wilson. Fortunately the editors’ views on writing systems were more harmonious than their musical tastes. vii Contributors NobuhikoAkamatsuisapsycholinguistteachingatDoshishaUniversity, Japan. He holds a Ph.D. in Education from the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (OISE), Canada. His current academic interests includefirstlanguageeffectson second/foreignlanguagereading,auto- matisationof word-recognition processing, andthe bilingual lexicon. Department of English, Doshisha University, Imadegawa-Karasuma Kamigyo-ku,Kyoto 602-8580, Japan:[email protected] Benedetta Bassetti iscompleting herPh.D. inAppliedLinguistics at the UniversityofEssex,UK,onreadingprocessesinlearnersofChineseasL2. She has presented her research at variousinternational conferences. Her interests are: second language acquisition, second language writing systemsand bilingual cognition. [email protected] Nobuko Chikamatsu teaches Japanese and Applied Linguistics in the Department of Modern Languages, DePaul University, USA. She holds a Ph.D. in Linguistics from the University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign. Her research interests include second language word recognition, reading and writing. DePaul University, Department of Modern Languages, 802 West Belden Ave., Chicago, IL60614,USA:[email protected] Gloria Shu-Mei Chwo is currently completing her Ph.D. in Applied Linguistics at the University of Essex, UK. She worked at different levels in the education system of Taiwan. Her main interests are in word recognition in Chinese and English and the teaching of reading, especiallyin herhome country, Taiwan. Department of Language and Linguistics, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park,Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK: [email protected] Vivian Cook works at Essex University, UK. He is chiefly known for developing the multi-competence view of second language learning. He was founder and first President of the European Second Language Association. He has been involved in researching the English writing system for some time. viii Contributors ix Department of Language and Linguistics, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester,CO43SQ, UK:[email protected] ThereseDufresne,Ph.D.,hasaresearchaffiliationwiththeUniversityof Ottawa.Sheiscurrentlyaschoolprincipalandeducationalresearcherin the Sir Wilfrid Laurier School Board, Roseme`re, QC, Canada. Her broad research areas are language, learning and second language education, specifically language and literacy research and the sustainability of early interventions in promoting literacy. Principal, Terry Fox School, 900 Des Lacasse, Laval, QC, Canada, H7K 3V9; 615 du Coˆte du Rhoˆne, Roseme`re, QC, Canada, J7A 4N6, [email protected] Tina Hickey is a researcher in the Psycholinguistics Department at ITE´, the Linguistics Institute of Ireland. Her current research interests are in L2 reading, first and second language acquisition, immersion education, andbilingualism. Department of Psychology, Belfield, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland: [email protected] Keiko Koda is Associate Professor in the Department of Modern Languages at Carnegie Mellon University. Her research interests include cross-language transfer of reading skills, second-language lexicallearningandprocessing,andbiliteracydevelopment.Sherecently completedamonograph,InsightsintoSecondLanguageReading,exploring ways to apply cross-linguistic analyses to current, research-based, con- ceptionsofmonolingualreading.Shealsoisinvolvedinon-goingprojects on cross-linguistic variations in reading acquisition, which will be pub- lished in a volume, Learning toRead acrossLanguage (2006). [email protected] LilyLau,recentlygraduatedwithaMastersinAppliedPsychologyfrom the National University of Singapore. She now works at Kids in Discov- ery, a centre which specialises in intervention programmes for children with mild-to-moderate learning difficulties. Her main research interest ison optimising the acquisition of bilingual literacy skills. Kids in Discovery, 6 Fort Canning Road, YWCA 8th Floor, Singapore 179494:[email protected] DianaMasny,Ph.D.,worksintheFacultyofEducationattheUniversity of Ottawa, broadly in the areas of language, literacy, culture and second language education. Her current interests include language and literacy researchandminoritylanguageeducation.