Rudolph’s Pediatrics 22 ND EDITION NOTICE Medicine is an ever-changing science. As new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug therapy are required. The authors and the publisher of this work have checked with sources believed to be reliable in their ef- forts to provide information that is complete and generally in accord with the standards accepted at the time of publication. However, in view of the possibility of human error or changes in medical sciences, neither the authors nor the publisher nor any other par- ty who has been involved in the preparation or publication of this work warrants that the information contained herein is in every respect accurate or complete, and they dis- claim all responsibility for any errors or omissions or for the results obtained from use of the information contained in this work. Readers are encouraged to confirm the in- formation contained herein with other sources. 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First, MD Professor and Chair Department of Pediatrics Senior Associate Dean for Medical Education University of Vermont College of Medicine Burlington, Vermont Anne A. Gershon, MD Professor of Pediatrics Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons New York, New York New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978-0-07-179037-6 MHID: 0-07-179037-3 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-149723-7, MHID: 0-07-149723-4. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. 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The 22nd edition of Rudolph’s Pediatrics is dedicated to two individuals whose memory is woven into the fabric of our lives, and as a result, into the substance and history of the textbook. Norman J. Siegel, a gifted pediatrician, investigator, teacher, friend, and co-editor of the 21st edition of Rudolph’s Pediatrics. and Rhona S. Rudolph, loving wife of Abraham M. Rudolph, mother of Colin, Linda, and Jeffrey Rudolph, pediatrician, and contributor to numerous editions of Rudolph’s Pediatrics. Her wisdom and love sustained her husband and son during the preparation of numerous previous editions of this textbook. This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvii 12. Screening. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .liii Ada M. Fenick Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .lv 13. Oral Health Supervision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Ada M. Fenick and Linda P. Nelson SECTION 1 14. Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Fundamentals of Pediatrics Anju Sawni 15. Culture and Pediatric Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Section Editor: Thomas G. DeWitt Sakena Abedin 1. Role of the Pediatrician. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 16. Gay and Lesbian Parents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Thomas G. DeWitt and Neal Halfon Cindy M. Schorzman and Melanie A. Gold 2. Decision Making: Use of 17. Environmental Pediatrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Evidence-Based Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Ruth A. Etzel Suresh Nagappan and Kenneth B. Roberts 3. Communication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 18. Travel Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Joseph A. Zenel and Chandy C. John Elizabeth A. Rider 4. Interviewing Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 PART 2: Managing Family Transition Christopher F. Bolling 19. Family Function and Birth of a Child . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 5. Systems of Practice and Office Management. . . . . . . 15 William I. Cohen Peter Margolis 20. Foster Care and Adoption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 6. Core Competencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Brad D. Berman and Carol Cohen Weitzman Theodore C. Sectish 21. Family Discord and Divorce. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 7. Patient and Family-Centered Care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Michael Jellinek Jeffrey M. Simmons, Stephen E. Muething, 22. Supporting the Grieving Child and Family . . . . . . . . 86 and Kathleen L. Dressman David J. Schonfeld 8. Disaster Preparedness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Janet M. Berreman and Linda Rudolph SECTION 3 9. Law, Ethics, and Clinical Judgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Angela Roddey Holder Nutrition SECTION 2 Section Editor: Praveen S. Goday 23. Normal Nutritional Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Praveen S. Goday 24. Breast-Feeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Section Editor: Eve R. Colson Jane Morton and Ruth A. Lawrence PART 1: Health Maintenance Issues 25. Infant Formula and Complementary Foods . . . . . . . 99 10. Well-Child Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Margaret Kirby Judith S. Shaw and Judith S. Palfrey 26. Postdischarge Nutritional Management 11. Child Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 of the Premature Infant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105 Ilgi Ozturk Ertem and Carol Cohen Weitzman Utpala G. Das vii viii Contents 27. Nutritional Issues: Toddler to Adolescent. . . . . . . .107 42. Delivery Room Resuscitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Margaret Kirby and Praveen S. Goday Myra H. Wyckoff 28. Assessment of Nutritional Adequacy. . . . . . . . . . . . .110 43. Transitional Changes in the Newborn . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Praveen S. Goday David P. Carlton 29. Malnutrition and Refeeding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111 44. Examination of the Newborn Infant. . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Praveen S. Goday Joseph A. Zenel 30. Poor Weight Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114 45. Postnatal Care and Observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Karen A. Francolla and Praveen S. Goday Anthony E. Burgos 31. Approach to the Infant and Child with PART 2: Infants at Risk Feeding Difficulty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117 Richard J. Noel 46. Multiple Births. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190 32. The Overweight or Obese Child. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123 James M. Greenberg Michelle Smith-Beckley and Brian M. Fidlin 47. The Small-for-Gestational-Age Infant . . . . . . . . . . .191 33. Specialized Nutrition Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126 William W. Hay Jr. Praveen S. Goday 48. Infant of a Diabetic Mother. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 34. Nutritional Access Devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134 Heather Morein French and Rebecca A. Simmons Lillian Sablan and Karen Sherry PART 3: Specific Neonatal Conditions SECTION 4 49. Approach to the Cyanotic Infant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 Robin H. Steinhorn Abuse, Neglect, Violence 50. Abnormalities of the Lungs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201 M. Grisel Galarza and Ilene R. S. Sosenko Section Editor: John M. Leventhal 51. Metabolic Abnormalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 35. Child Maltreatment: Neglect to Abuse . . . . . . . . . . .137 William W. Hay Jr. John M. Leventhal and Andrea G. Asnes 52. Brain Abnormalities and Injuries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221 36. Family and Community Violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144 Seetha Shankaran and C. Michael Cotton Renée Boynton-Jarrett and Robert Sege 53. Hematologic Abnormalities and Jaundice . . . . . . . . 226 37. Child Abuse Prevention: What Henry C. Lee and Ashima Madan Pediatricians Can Do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150 Wendy Gwirtzman Lane and Howard Dubowitz PART 4: Disorders Specifically Related to Preterm Birth 54. Respiratory Distress Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 SECTION 5 Thomas N. Hansen and Samuel Hawgood Newborn 55. Patent Ductus Arteriosus and Ductus Venosus. . . . 238 Ronald I. Clyman Section Editors: Alan H. Jobe and James M. Greenberg 56. Hemodynamics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 PART 1: Care of the Newborn Nick Evans 38. Historical Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155 57. Necrotizing Enterocolitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 James M. Greenberg Barbara Warner 39. Care of the Fetus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155 58. Intraventricular Hemorrhage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Alan H. Jobe Henrietta S. Bada 40. Fetal Disorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158 59. Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Timothy M. Crombleholme and Foong-Yen Lim Alan H. Jobe 41. Neonatal Mortality and Morbidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160 60. Emergencies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Avroy A. Fanaroff James M. Greenberg Contents ix 61. SpecialIntensive Care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 75. Scrotal Masses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 Thomas A. Parker David J. Breland and Mark L. Rubinstein 62. Outcomes of Preterm and Term Infants . . . . . . . . . 261 76. Menstrual Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 Marilee C. Allen Jennifer C. Edman and Mary-Ann Shafer 77. Intrauterine and Ectopic Pregnancy. . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 SECTION 6 Erica B. Monasterio and Mary-Ann Shafer 78. Contraception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 Principles of Adolescent Care Erica B. Monasterio and Mary-Ann Shafer Section Editors: Charles E. Irwin Jr., Mary-Ann Shafer, and Anna-Barbara Moscicki SECTION 7 PART 1: Growth and Development Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 63. SomaticGrowth and Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Charles E. Irwin Jr. Section Editor: Martin T. Stein 64. Reproductive Growth and Development PART 1: General Concepts in the Female Adolescent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 79. Introduction to Developmental and Melissa Slivka, Anna-Barbara Moscicki, and Mary-Ann Shafer Behavioral Pediatrics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Martin T. Stein 65. Reproductive Growth and Development in the Male Adolescent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 80. Fundamental Concepts of David J. Breland and Mark L. Rubinstein Child Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 W. Thomas Boyce and Jack P. Shonkoff 66. Psychological Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Elizabeth M. Ozer and Charles E. Irwin Jr. 81. Brain Development and Behavior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 Charles A. Nelson III 67. The Adolescent Visit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 Charles E. Irwin Jr. 82. Standardized Developmental Screening and Assessment Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 PART 2: Health Problems of Adolescents Martin T. Stein 68. Mortality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 PART 2: Developmental Variation to Disorder Elizabeth M. Ozer 83. Crying in Infants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 69. Morbidity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Ronald G. Barr and Takeo Fujiwara Charles E. Irwin Jr. 84. Hyperactivity and Inattention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 70. Sexual Behavior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 Martin T. Stein and Michael I. Reiff Erica B. Monasterio 85. Learning Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 71. Substance Use and Abuse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 Michael I. Reiff and Martin T. Stein Stephanie N. Crewe and Arik V. Marcell 86. Language Delay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 PART 3: Mental Health Disorders in the Adolescent James S. Andrews and Heidi M. Feldman 72. Depression, Anxiety, and Other Disorders . . . . . . . 282 87. Difficult Behavior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 Kim Peter Norman Martin T. Stein 73. Disorders of Eating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 88. Anxiety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 Kim Peter Norman, Sara M. Buckelew, Denise A. Chavira and Andrea K. Garber 89. Repetitive Behaviors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 PART 4: Reproductive Health Problems Adrian D. Sandler 90. Gender Identity and Sexual Behavior. . . . . . . . . . . . 346 74. Breast Masses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 Kenneth J. Zucker Jennifer C. Edman and Mary-Ann Shafer