Routing and Switching Essentials v6 Companion Guide Cisco Networking Academy Cisco Press 800 East 96th Street Indianapolis, Indiana 46240 USA ii Routing and Switching Essentials v6 Companion Guide Editor-in-Chief Routing and Switching Essentials v6 Mark Taub Companion Guide Alliances Manager, Cisco Press Cisco Networking Academy Ron Fligge Copyright © 2017 Cisco Systems, Inc. Product Line Manager Published by: Brett Bartow Cisco Press Executive Editor 800 East 96th Street Mary Beth Ray Indianapolis, IN 46240 USA Managing Editor All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in Sandra Schroeder any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, Development Editor recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written Ellie C. Bru permission from the publisher, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review. Senior Project Editor Tonya Simpson Printed in the United States of America Copy Editor First Printing December 2016 Gill Editorial Services Library of Congress Control Number: 2016956756 Technical Editor Rick McDonald ISBN-13: 978-1-58713-428-9 Editorial Assistant ISBN-10: 1-58713-428-4 Vanessa Evans Cover Designer Ockomon Haus Warning and Disclaimer Composition This book is designed to provide information about the Cisco Networking codeMantra Academy Routing and Switching Essentials course. Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as possible, but no warranty or Indexer Erika Millen fitness is implied. Proofreader The information is provided on an “as is” basis. The authors, Cisco Press, and Sam Sunder Cisco Systems, Inc. shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages arising from the information contained in this book or from the use of the discs or programs that may accompany it. The opinions expressed in this book belong to the author and are not necessar- ily those of Cisco Systems, Inc. iii Trademark Acknowledgments All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropri- ately capitalized. Cisco Press or Cisco Systems, Inc., cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Special Sales For government sales inquiries, please contact iv Routing and Switching Essentials v6 Companion Guide About the Contributing Authors Bob Vachon is a professor in the Computer Systems Technology program at C ambrian College in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, where he teaches networking infra- structure courses. He has worked and taught in the computer networking and infor- mation technology field since 1984. He has collaborated on various CCNA, CCNA Security, CCNP, and IoT projects for the Cisco Networking Academy as team lead, lead author, and subject matter expert. He enjoys playing guitar and being outdoors. Allan Johnson entered the academic world in 1999 after 10 years as a business owner/operator to dedicate his efforts to his passion for teaching. He holds both an MBA and an M.Ed in training and development. He taught CCNA courses at the high school level for seven years and has taught both CCNA and CCNP courses at Del Mar College in Corpus Christi, Texas. In 2003, Allan began to commit much of his time and energy to the CCNA Instructional Support Team providing services to Networking Academy instructors worldwide and creating training materials. He now works full time for Cisco Networking Academy as Curriculum Lead. v Contents at a Glance Introduction xxi Chapter 1 Routing Concepts 1 Chapter 2 Static Routing 75 Chapter 3 Dynamic Routing 127 Chapter 4 Switched Networks 171 Chapter 5 Switch Configuration 203 Chapter 6 VLANs 245 Chapter 7 Access Control Lists 309 Chapter 8 DHCP 361 Chapter 9 NAT for IPv4 415 Chapter 10 Device Discovery, Management, and Maintenance 475 Appendix A Answers to the “Check Your Understanding” Questions 541 Glossary 555 Index 575 vi Routing and Switching Essentials v6 Companion Guide Contents Introduction xxi Chapter 1 Routing Concepts 1 Objectives 1 Key Terms 1 Introduction (1.0.1.1) 3 Router Initial Configuration (1.1) 4 Router Functions (1.1.1) 4 Characteristics of a Network (1.1.1.1) 4 Why Routing? (1.1.1.2) 6 Routers Are Computers (1.1.1.3) 7 Routers Interconnect Networks (1.1.1.4) 9 Routers Choose Best Paths (1.1.1.5) 10 Packet-Forwarding Mechanisms (1.1.1.6) 11 Connect Devices (1.1.2) 14 Connect to a Network (1.1.2.1) 14 Default Gateways (1.1.2.2) 16 Document Network Addressing (1.1.2.3) 17 Enable IP on a Host (1.1.2.4) 18 Device LEDs (1.1.2.5) 19 Console Access (1.1.2.6) 21 Enable IP on a Switch (1.1.2.7) 22 Router Basic Settings (1.1.3) 23 Configure Basic Router Settings (1.1.3.1) 23 Configure an IPv4 Router Interface (1.1.3.2) 24 Configure an IPv6 Router Interface (1.1.3.3) 26 Configure an IPv4 Loopback Interface (1.1.3.4) 29 Verify Connectivity of Directly Connected Networks (1.1.4) 30 Verify Interface Settings (1.1.4.1) 30 Verify IPv6 Interface Settings (1.1.4.2) 32 Filter Show Command Output (1.1.4.3) 35 Command History Feature (1.1.4.4) 36 Routing Decisions (1.2) 37 Switching Packets Between Networks (1.2.1) 37 Router Switching Function (1.2.1.1) 38 Send a Packet (1.2.1.2) 39 Forward to the Next Hop (1.2.1.3) 40 Packet Routing (1.2.1.4) 42 Reach the Destination (1.2.1.5) 43 vii Path Determination (1.2.2) 44 Routing Decisions (1.2.2.1) 44 Best Path (1.2.2.2) 45 Load Balancing (1.2.2.3) 46 Administrative Distance (1.2.2.4) 47 Router Operation (1.3) 48 Analyze the Routing Table (1.3.1) 49 The Routing Table (1.3.1.1) 49 Routing Table Sources (1.3.1.2) 49 Remote Network Routing Entries (1.3.1.3) 51 Directly Connected Routes (1.3.2) 52 Directly Connected Interfaces (1.3.2.1) 52 Directly Connected Routing Table Entries (1.3.2.2) 53 Directly Connected Examples (1.3.2.3) 54 Directly Connected IPv6 Example (1.3.2.4) 55 Statically Learned Routes (1.3.3) 58 Static Routes (1.3.3.1) 58 Static Route Examples (1.3.3.2) 59 Static IPv6 Route Examples (1.3.3.3) 61 Dynamic Routing Protocols (1.3.4) 62 Dynamic Routing (1.3.4.1) 62 IPv4 Routing Protocols (1.3.4.2) 63 IPv4 Dynamic Routing Examples (1.3.4.3) 64 IPv6 Routing Protocols (1.3.4.4) 65 IPv6 Dynamic Routing Examples (1.3.4.5) 66 Summary (1.4) 67 Practice 68 Class Activities 68 Labs 68 Packet Tracer Activities 69 Check Your Understanding Questions 69 Chapter 2 Static Routing 75 Objectives 75 Key Terms 75 Introduction (2.0.1.1) 76 Implement Static Routes (2.1) 76 Static Routing (2.1.1) 77 Reach Remote Networks (2.1.1.1) 77 Why Use Static Routing? (2.1.1.2) 78 When to Use Static Routes (2.1.1.3) 79 viii Routing and Switching Essentials v6 Companion Guide Types of Static Routes (2.1.2) 80 Static Route Applications (2.1.2.1) 80 Standard Static Route (2.1.2.2) 81 Default Static Route (2.1.2.3) 81 Summary Static Route (2.1.2.4) 82 Floating Static Route (2.1.2.5) 83 Configure Static and Default Routes (2.2) 84 Configure IPv4 Static Routes (2.2.1) 84 The ip route Command (2.2.1.1) 84 Next-Hop Options (2.2.1.2) 85 Configure a Next-Hop Static Route (2.2.1.3) 87 Configure a Directly Connected Static Route (2.2.1.4) 88 Configure a Fully Specified Static Route (2.2.1.5) 90 Verify a Static Route (2.2.1.6) 92 Configure IPv4 Default Routes (2.2.2) 93 Default Static Route (2.2.2.1) 93 Configure a Default Static Route (2.2.2.2) 93 Verify a Default Static Route (2.2.2.3) 94 Configure IPv6 Static Routes (2.2.3) 95 The ipv6 route Command (2.2.3.1) 95 Next-Hop Options (2.2.3.2) 96 Configure a Next-Hop Static IPv6 Route (2.2.3.3) 99 Configure a Directly Connected Static IPv6 Route (2.2.3.4) 100 Configure a Fully Specified Static IPv6 Route (2.2.3.5) 102 Verify IPv6 Static Routes (2.2.3.6) 103 Configure IPv6 Default Routes (2.2.4) 104 Default Static IPv6 Route (2.2.4.1) 104 Configure a Default Static IPv6 Route (2.2.4.2) 105 Verify a Default Static Route (2.2.4.3) 105 Configure Floating Static Routes (2.2.5) 106 Floating Static Routes (2.2.5.1) 106 Configure an IPv4 Floating Static Route (2.2.5.2) 107 Test the IPv4 Floating Static Route (2.2.5.3) 108 Configure an IPv6 Floating Static Route (2.2.5.4) 110 Configure Static Host Routes (2.2.6) 111 Automatically Installed Host Routes (2.2.6.1) 111 Configure IPv4 and IPv6 Static Host Routes (2.2.6.2) 113 Troubleshoot Static and Default Route (2.3) 115 Packet Processing with Static Routes (2.3.1) 115 Static Routes and Packet Forwarding (2.3.1.1) 115 ix Troubleshoot IPv4 Static and Default Route Configuration (2.3.2) 116 Troubleshoot a Missing Route (2.3.2.1) 116 Solve a Connectivity Problem (2.3.2.2) 118 Summary (2.4) 122 Practice 123 Class Activities 123 Labs 123 Packet Tracer Activities 123 Check Your Understanding Questions 124 Chapter 3 Dynamic Routing 127 Objectives 127 Key Terms 127 Introduction (3.0.1.1) 129 Dynamic Routing Protocols (3.1) 130 Dynamic Routing Protocol Overview (3.1.1) 130 Dynamic Routing Protocol Evolution (3.1.1.1) 130 Dynamic Routing Protocol Components (3.1.1.2) 132 Dynamic Versus Static Routing (3.1.2) 133 Static Routing Uses (3.1.2.1) 133 Static Routing Advantages and Disadvantages (3.1.2.2) 134 Dynamic Routing Protocols Uses (3.1.2.3) 134 Dynamic Routing Advantages and Disadvantages (3.1.2.4) 135 RIPv2 (3.2) 136 Configuring the RIP Protocol (3.2.1) 136 Router RIP Configuration Mode (3.2.1.1) 136 Advertise Networks (3.2.1.2) 138 Verify RIP Routing (3.2.1.3) 139 Enable and Verify RIPv2 (3.2.1.4) 140 Disable Auto Summarization (3.2.1.5) 142 Configure Passive Interfaces (3.2.1.6) 143 Propagate a Default Route (3.2.1.7) 145 The Routing Table (3.3) 147 Parts of an IPv4 Route Entry (3.3.1) 147 Routing Table Entries (3.3.1.1) 148 Directly Connected Entries (3.3.1.2) 149 Remote Network Entries (3.3.1.3) 150 Dynamically Learned IPv4 Routes (3.3.2) 151