ROLE OF ABDUCTIVE REASONING IN DIGITAL INTERACTION Erkki Patokorpi DOCTORAL DISSERTATION To be presented with the permission of the Faculty of Technology at Åbo Akademi University for public criticism in the ICT house Auditorium Gamma on the 18th of December 2006, at 12 o’clock noon Åbo Akademi University Institute for Advanced Management Systems Research Joukahaisgatan 3-5 A, 20520 Åbo Finland Abstract Along with geographical and technological barriers, the barriers created by local and parochial techno-social systems have to be taken into consideration in order to make us truly nomadic. A key question in the near future is how the user of advanced mobile technology could be empowered to have more control over the multiple spaces he or she inhabits and the numerous boundary crossings that he or she is forced to perform. Information Society Technology (IST) has penetrated all walks of life, and is being applied, among other things, to enhance education. IST enhanced learning realizes some central ideals of constructivist pedagogy. Hermeneutic psychology and philosophical argumentation are applied to identify some potential or actual strengths and weaknesses in the chain of connections between constructivist pedagogical principles, psychological processes, supporting technologies and the actual application of IST in a learning environment. Ideally, mobile technology opens up new opportunities for (constructivistically oriented) learning. It conquers barriers of time and place; utilizes the physical and social context of learning; gives more room for individual learning styles as well as enables and intensifies collaboration and peer-to-peer communication. Abduction goes a long way in describing and explaining the special epistemic circumstances of IST enhanced learning and digital interaction in general. A study of abductive reasoning will help us better understand IST enhanced learning and IST user behaviour as well as give us some valuable hints to the design of human-computer interaction. However, IST cuts out certain aspects of knowledge and reality, making abduction at some point inoperable. Aura and tacit knowledge, too, help in marking out the limits of discursive means via abduction (i.e. semiotic means). Abduction, tacit knowledge and aura have some similarities which seem to justify treating them under the common denominator of low knowledge. Low knowledge is a personal yet democratic form of knowing that focuses on differences and details, treating individuals as whole universes. It is suggested that low knowledge may be a key to a better understanding of the mobility and immobility of knowledge. Context-awareness, multisensority and virtual reality broaden the potential of abduction (i.e. the scope of semiotic knowledge) in cyberspace. They broaden it because they bring us (as users) a step closer to a real-world, situated face-to-face interaction, that is, a step closer to kicking the tires, feeling the fabric, casual chatting and taking a walk in the woods. Acknowledgements First of all, I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Professor Pirkko Walden for her guidance, encouragement and unfailing support during my stay at the Åbo Akademi University and IAMSR. I really have a lot to thank you for, Pirkko. Professor Christer Carlsson gave constructive criticism and support at times when criticism and support were badly needed, for which I am very grateful. I am dreadfully thankful to Dr Franck Tétard for his collaboration on two of the thesis articles as well as for his interest in and dedication to our many other joint teaching and research ventures. Special thanks go to Stina Störling-Sarkkila who always lent me a sympathetic ear, helped me whenever I was wrestling with a ”språkfråga” as well as sorted out numerous practical matters on my behalf. I would like to thank my colleagues Karl Rönnholm, Kai Kimppa. Pekka Reijonen, Kristian Packalén, Marko Ahvenainen, Sami Leppimäki and Dr Shuhua Liu with whom I have had the privilege to cooperate, talk shop and discuss some themes of the thesis. I have also enjoyed working with Anna Sell, Dr Bill Anckar and Dr Mikael Collan, although our work did not touch upon the research questions of the thesis. I hope to continue to work with all of you in some form or other in the future as well. I am grateful to Professors Juha Näsi and Juhani Iivari for their unprejudiced and encouraging evaluation of the dissertation manuscript, and to Professor Milan Zelený for accepting the invitation to be my opponent at the disputation. Without my dear wife Varpu and my son Lassi, I would not have made it. Lassi alias Sproily has also helped with the graphics. Thank you, Aupu and Lassi. Contents PART 1: RESEARCH SUMMARY Introduction…………………………………………………………………1 1 Method…………………………………………………………………...11 1.1 Call for methodological renewal……………………………………………………..11 1.2 Three methodological guidelines…………………………………………………….11 1.3 Abduction as a conceptual tool for studying digital interaction……………………..13 1.4 Three research traditions……………………………………………………………..14 1.5 Minor methodological considerations………………………………………………..17 1.7 Method in a nutshell………………………………………………………………….18 2 From Mobility to True Nomadicity and Ubiquity………………………..19 2.1 A paradigm shift in IST……………………………………………………………...19 2.2 Nomadicity…………………………………………………………………………..20 2.3 Old school of mobility, localization and personalization……………………………21 2.4 Interactivity…………………………………………………………………………..24 2.5 Ubiquity: an emerging paradigm…………………………………………………….25 2.6 Fluidity, metaspace and micromobility………………………………………………26 2.7 Multiple-profiling……………………………………………………………………29 2.8 Boundary crossing in everyday life………………………………………………….30 2.9 Future challenges…………………………………………………………………….34 3 Constructivist Instructional Principles, Learner Psychology and Technological Enablers of Learning..........................................................36 3.1 Combining education, psychology and technology………………………………….37 3.2 Constructivist instructional principles and the impact of ICT……………………….37 3.3 Criticism of constructivism…………………………………………………………..39 3.4 Sherlock Holmes meets Forrest Gump………………………………………………41 3.5 Link between technology and education…………………………………………….42 3.6 Grievances and expectations………………………………………………………....46 4 Mobile Learning Objects to Support Constructivist Learning………………….………………………………………………48 4.1 From eLearning to mobile learning…………………………………………………48 4.2 M-learning implementations and previous research………………………………...49 4.3 Definition and theoretical grounds of mLearning…………………………………...51 4.4 Constructivist instructional principles………………………………………………53 4.5 Enabling mobile technologies……………………………………………………….54 4.6 Design of mLearning objects………………………………………………………..57 4.7 M-learning environment experiment: MobyL……………………………………….61 4.8 Findings from the mLearning experiment…………………………………………...65 4.9 Summing up………………………………………………………………………….69 5 Logic of Sherlock Holmes in Technology Enhanced Learning………….71 5.1 Linking constructivist pedagogy with a thinking style………………………………71 5.2 Sherlock Holmes and his method……………………………………………………71 5. 3 Abduction as an inferential process…………………………………………………72 5.4 Some forms of abductive inference………………………………………………….73 5.5 Semiotic paradigm of knowledge……………………………………………………79 5.6 Art of abductive reasoning…………………………………………………………...81 5.7 Constructedness of human cognition………………………………………………...83 5.8 IST enhanced learning……………………………………………………………….86 6. Low Knowledge in Cyberspace: Abduction, Tacit Knowledge, Aura, and the Mobility of Knowledge…………………………………………90 6.1 From abduction to low knowledge…………………………………………………..90 6.2 Plato in cyberspace…………………………………………………………………..90 6.3 Abduction – the cornerstone of low knowledge……………………………………91 6.4 Tacit knowledge…………………………………………………………………….93 6.5 Aura…………………………………………………………………………………95 6.6 Low knowledge……………………………………………………………………..97 6.7 Digitisation of low knowledge………………………………………………………99 6.8 Low knowledge mobilised and immobilised………………………………………101 6.9 Discussion………………………………………………………………………….102 7 Technology Enhanced Nomadicity Supports Low Knowledge………...104 7.1 Nomadicity and low knowledge revisited…………………………………………104 7.2 Context-awareness…………………………………………………………………105 7.3 Virtuality…………………………………………………………………………...107 7.4 Multisensority………………………………………………………………………110 7.5 More room for low knowledge……………………………………………………..112 Conclusion………………………………………………………………..117 References………………………………………………………………...126 Appendix 1………………………………………………………………..153 PART 2: RESEARCH PAPERS……………………………………………………..155 List of figures and tables Table 1 Overview of the thesis……………………………………………………………8 Table 2 Links between constructivist pedagogy, psychology and technology…………..43 Table 3 Constructivist, mobile technology and learning features………………………..60 Table 4 Knowledge constructs and their mutual relations……………………………...123 Figure 1 Technological development in terms of interaction.……..……………………...1 Figure 2 Interrelations between conceptual constructs and chapters……………………...9 Figure 3 Transient hierarchies and metaspaces………………………………………….28 Figure 4 M-learning environment schematically………………………………………...63 Figure 5 Some forms of abductive inference…………………………………………….74 Figure 6 Quasi-automatic abduction……………………………………………………..75 Figure 7 Multiple-choice abduction……………………………………………………..76 Figure 8 Evolutionary abduction………………………………………………………...77 Figure 9 Revolutionary abduction……………………………………………………….77 Figure 10 White star illusion…….………………………………………………………84 List of publications 1. Patokorpi, E. 2006. Abductive Reasoning and ICT Enhanced Learning: Towards the Epistemology of Digital Nomads. In Zielinski, C., Duquenoy, P. and K. Kimppa (eds.), The Information Society: Emerging Landscapes. Springer: New York, pp. 101-117. 2. Patokorpi, E. and F. Tétard (in press). From Mobility to True Nomadicity and Ubiquity. In Huang, W., Wang, Y. L. and J. Day (eds.), Global Mobile Commerce: Strategies, Implementation and Case Studies. Idea Group Inc. 3. Patokorpi, E. 2006. Constructivist Instructional Principles, Learner Psychology and Technological Enablers of Learning. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems (ICEIS), Paphos, Cyprus, 23-27 May 2006, pp. 103-109. 4. Patokorpi, E., Tétard, F., Qiao, F. and N. Sjövall 2006. Mobile Learning Objects to Support Constructivist Learning. In Koohang, A. and K. Harman (eds.), Learning Objects: Applications, Implications, & Future Directions. Santa Rosa, California: Informing Science Press. 5. Patokorpi, E. 2006. Logic of Sherlock Holmes in Technology Enhanced Learning. Journal of Educational Technology & Society. 6. Patokorpi, E. 2006. Low Knowledge in Cyberspace: Abduction, Tacit Knowledge, Aura and the Mobility of Knowledge. Journal of Human Systems Management, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 211-220. 7. Patokorpi, E. 2006. Truly Nomadic Environments: Context-Awareness, Virtuality and Multisensority. Faculty of Technology, IAMSR Research Reports. PART 1 RESEARCH SUMMARY