ZooKeys 369: 61–77 (2014) Revision of the genus Parasapyga Turner A peer-reviewed open-access jo6urn1al doi: 10.3897/zookeys.369.6691 ReSeARCH ARTICle www.zookeys.org Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Revision of the genus Parasapyga Turner (Hymenoptera, Sapygidae), with the description of two new species Cornelis van Achterberg1,† 1 Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Postbus 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands † http://zoobank.org/D6374CF4-8F07-4FA8-8C55-9335FD19CECD Corresponding author: Cornelis van Achterberg ([email protected]) Academic editor: Michael Ohl  |  Received 26 November 2013  |  Accepted 30 December 2013  |  Published 13 January 2014 http://zoobank.org/F4FCBDE1-9650-4F7F-B454-49F1E918D620 Citation: Achterberg C van (2014) Revision of the genus Parasapyga Turner (Hymenoptera, Sapygidae), with the description of two new species. ZooKeys 369: 61–77. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.369.6691 Abstract Two new species, Parasapyga boschi sp. n. from Vietnam and P. yvonnae sp. n. from Indonesia are de- scribed. Parasapyga walshae van der Vecht, 1940, is treated as a valid species instead of a subspecies of P. moelleri Turner, 1910. A key to the species of the genus is added and all species are illustrated. Keywords Revision, Sapygidae, Parasapyga, key, new species, Oriental, Indonesia, Vietnam Introduction The little known aculeate family Sapygidae (Hymenoptera) is rarely collected and wide-spread in the Holarctic Region, but rare in other regions and unknown from the Australian Region. There are approx. 70 described extant species distributed among 12 extant genera (Kurzenko 1995, 1996, Bennett and Engel 2005, Huber 2009) in two subfamilies. Despite belonging to the Aculeata the females possess an ovipositor; in the subfamily Sapyginae with a serrate dorso-apical part (Figs 3, 12, 40) and the sheath without setae subapically (Figs 1, 3), vein 2r-m of the fore wing is distinctly sinuate (Fig. 4) and the eyes deeply incised at the inner side (Fig. 1). In the subfami ly Copyright Cornelis van Achterberg. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution International Li- cense (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 62 Cornelis van Achterberg / ZooKeys 369: 61–77 (2014) Fedtschenkiinae the ovipositor has no serrate part and the sheath has subapical setae, vein 2r-m of the fore wing is weakly curved and the eyes are not incised. Sapygi- nae occur where its host is nesting, including the home-made bee hotels in gardens; Fedtschenkiinae occur in deserts or salt steppes. According to Brothers (1975) Sapygi- dae are the sister-group of the Mutillidae sensu lato. Recent research indicates that the sister-group of the Sapygidae is the family Myrmosidae and together they are sister to the Mutillidae (Pilgrim et al. 2008). There are only keys to genera for the Palaearctic, Holarctic and Neotropical regions by Kurzenko and Gusenleitner (1994), Kurzenko (1996) and Brothers (2006), respectively. In the Oriental Region Sapygidae are very rarely collected and with few species in only three genera present (Kurzenko 1996): Sapyga Latreille, 1796 (one species) and Parasapyga Turner, 1910, with only the type species P. moelleri Turner, 1910, India (Sikkim) and one additional known subspecies from Indonesia (Sumatra; P. m. walshae van der Vecht, 1940), and “Polochrum” flavicolle Cameron, 1899, from North India (Sikkim). The generic position of the latter is uncertain (Kurzenko in litt.). However, the oldest known fossil of the Sapygidae is known from the Oriental Region; Cretosapy- ga resinicola Bennett & Engel, 2005. It was found in mid-Cretaceous (latest Albian, ca. 100 Mya) amber from Myanmar (Bennett and Engel 2005). The fossil is placed in the new extinct subfamily Cretosapyginae Bennett & Engel, 2005. The genus Parasapyga can be recognised from the Holarctic genera of Sapyginae by having the clypeus ex- tending dorsally to the frontal shelf anteriorly (Figs 9, 41), the head without calli or welts and the ocelli medium-sized (Figs 10, 42). The biology of Parasapyga species is unknown, but other Sapyginae are cleptopar- asitoids (or predator-inquilines) of solitary bees (belonging to Apinae sensu lato and Megachilinae sensu lato). The female wasp oviposits into the nest cell of host, the larva consumes first the host egg or larva followed by the food supply of the bee larva (Rozen and Kamel 2009). Members of the small monotypic subfamily Fedtschenkiinae para- sitize larvae of ground-nesting Eumeninae (Vespidae) after the larva has spun its cocoon. Taxonomy Parasapyga Turner, 1910 http://species-id.net/wiki/Parasapyga Figs 1–43 Parasapyga Turner 1910: 405; van der Vecht 1940: 45; Kurzenko 1996: 90. Type spe- cies (by monotypy): Parasapyga moelleri Turner, 1910. Diagnosis. Clypeus extending dorsally to the frontal shelf anteriorly, resulting in ab- sence of face medially (Figs 9, 41); inner orbit of eye without callus or welt (Figs 41, 42); ocelli medium-sized (Figs 10, 42); outer side of eye evenly convex medially (Fig. 41-43); occipital carina absent; length of malar space about half apical width of scapus Revision of the genus Parasapyga Turner 63 Figure 1. Parasapyga boschi sp. n., holotype, ♀, habitus dorso-lateral. Illustration: Erik-Jan Bosch. (Fig. 9); entire propodeum densely and rather coarsely reticulate-rugose (Figs 5, 26, 36); third submarginal cell of fore wing anteriorly distinctly narrower than posteriorly and vein 2r-m distinctly sinuate (Figs 4, 25, 35); vein cu-a of fore wing interstitial and inclivous (Figs 4, 25); hind coxa without longitudinal carina dorsally (Fig. 34); hypopygium of female evenly convex ventrally. Males unknown. Biology. Unknown. Distribution. Oriental (four species). Key to species of the genus Parasapyga Turner 1 Clypeus with narrow anchor-shaped black patch medially (Fig. 41); oviposi- tor with rather widely separated serrations (Fig. 40); metasoma rather slender in dorsal view (Fig. 33); first discal cell of fore wing subhyaline (Fig. 35); North Sumatra ...................................................................P. yvonnae sp. n. – Clypeus with wide anchor-shaped black patch medially (Figs 9, 20, 30); ovi- positor densely serrate dorsally (Fig. 12); metasoma rather wide in dorsal view (Figs 13, 23), but slenderer in P. boschi (Fig. 2); first discal cell of fore wing at least laterally distinctly infuscate (Figs 4, 15, 25) .........................................2 2 Ivory patch at incision of eye extended nearly up to level of posterior ocelli (Fig. 9); pair of ivory spots besides posterior ocellus present (Fig. 10); pe- nultimate antennal segment of female 1.1 times as wide as apical segment in 64 Cornelis van Achterberg / ZooKeys 369: 61–77 (2014) dorsal view (Fig. 8); smooth interspaces between punctures of pronotum and metanotum medio-dorsally about equal to diameter of punctures (Fig. 5); ivory transverse stripe of pronotum narrowly interrupted medio-dorsally (Fig. 5); five apical segments of antenna partly brown ventrally (Fig. 8); first subdiscal of fore wing laterally darker than medially (Fig. 4); hind tibia red- dish-brown (Fig. 7); South Vietnam .....................................P. boschi sp. n. – Ivory patch at incision of eye at most extended up to level of anterior ocellus (Figs 20, 30); pair of ivory spots besides posterior ocellus absent (Fig. 31), at most with a minute patch (Fig. 21); penultimate antennal segment of female 1.2 times as wide as apical segment in dorsal view (Fig. 28); smooth interspac- es between punctures of pronotum and metanotum medio-dorsally distinctly narrower than diameter of punctures (Figs 16, 26); ivory transverse stripe of pronotum widely interrupted medio-dorsally (Figs 16, 26); at most one api- cal segment of antenna brown ventrally and other segments black (Fig. 18); first subdiscal of fore wing laterally as dark as medially (Figs 15, 25); hind tibia dark brown or black (Figs 19, 29) .......................................................3 3 Ivory patch at incision of eye remains far from level of anterior ocellus (Fig. 30); dorsally pronotum without smooth and shiny interspaces (Fig. 26); propodeum with irregular ivory patch latero-dorsally (Fig. 27); hind basitarsus rather robust (Fig. 29); clypeus ivory latero-dorsally (Fig. 30); first discal cell of fore wing sub- hyaline (Figs 23, 25); South Sumatra ...............P. walshae van der Vecht, 1940 – Ivory patch at incision of eye at most extended nearly up to level of anterior ocellus (Fig. 20); dorsally pronotum with smooth and shiny convex interspac- es (Fig. 16); propodeum entirely black latero-dorsally (Fig. 17); hind basitarsus less robust (Fig. 19); clypeus largely black latero-dorsally (Fig. 20); first discal cell of fore wing dark brown (Figs 13, 15); North India (Sikkim) ................... ................................................................................P. moelleri Turner, 1910 Parasapyga boschi sp. n. http://zoobank.org/28DE635A-46B2-4E7E-896D-8FBC576FB0F1 http://species-id.net/wiki/Parasapyga_boschi Figs 1–12 Type material. Holotype, ♀ (RMNH), “S. Vietnam: Dông Nai, Cát Tien N. P., c. 100 m, 19–25.iv.2007, Mal. traps, Dong trail, Mai Phu Quy & Nguyen Thanh Manh, RMNH’07”. Diagnosis. Clypeus with wide anchor-shaped black patch medially (Fig. 9); ivory patch at incision of eye extended nearly up to level of posterior ocelli (Fig. 9); pair of ivory spots besides posterior ocellus present (Fig. 10); smooth interspaces between punctures of pronotum and metanotum medio-dorsally about equal to diameter of punctures (Fig. 5); ivory transverse stripe on pronotum narrowly interrupted medio- dorsally and comparatively wide ventrally (Figs 5, 6); first discal cell of fore wing dis- Revision of the genus Parasapyga Turner 65 Figures 2–3. Parasapyga boschi sp. n., holotype, female. 2 habitus dorsal 3 habitus lateral. tinctly infuscate (Fig. 4); first subdiscal of fore wing laterally darker than medially (Fig. 4); hind tibia reddish-brown (Fig. 7); ovipositor densely serrate dorsally (Fig. 12). Resembles most P. walshae and P. moelleri; it can be easily separated by the larger ivory patch at the incision of the eye (Fig. 9 vs Figs 20, 30) and the reddish-brown hind tibia (Fig. 7 vs Figs 19, 29). Description. Holotype, ♀, length of body 18.7 mm (of fore wing 11.8 mm). Head. Antenna with 12 segments and penultimate segment 1.1 times as wide as apical segment in dorsal view (Fig. 8); frons coarsely reticulate; vertex coarsely punc- 66 Cornelis van Achterberg / ZooKeys 369: 61–77 (2014) Figures 4–12. Parasapyga boschi sp. n., holotype, female. 4 wings 5 mesosoma dorsal 6 mesosoma lateral 7 hind leg lateral 8 antenna lateral 9 head anterior 10 head dorsal 11 head lateral 12 apex of ovipositor lateral. tate and with distinct smooth interspaces (Fig. 10); temple coarsely punctate and with wide smooth interspaces; malar space densely punctulate; head narrowed behind eyes (Fig. 10); clypeus spaced punctate and with complete median crest (Fig. 9). Revision of the genus Parasapyga Turner 67 Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.5 times its height (Fig. 3); mesopleuron largely coarsely reticulate-punctate with narrow smooth interspaces; metapleuron densely punctulate anteriorly and coarsely obliquely rugose posteriorly, with a narrow smooth shiny band above it (Fig. 6); pronotum, mesoscutum, scutellum and metanotum coarsely punctate, medially interspaces between punctures about as wide as punctures and sparsely punctulate (Fig. 5); metanotum medially moderately convex and not protruding above level of scutellum (Fig. 3); entire propodeum densely and coarsely reticulate-punctate, medially hardly coarser than laterally (Fig. 5). Wings. Fore wing: vein 2m-cu moderately postfurcal (Fig. 4). Legs. Hind basitarsus rather robust (Fig. 7). Metasoma. Metasoma rather slender in dorsal view (Fig. 2); basal tergites finely punctate and shiny, with smooth interspaces wider than diameter of punctures (Fig. 2); hypopygium 1.3 times as long as fifth sternite ventrally (Fig. 3); ovipositor densely ser- rate (Fig. 12); ovipositor sheath and ovipositor far exserted (Figs 1, 3). Colour. Black; ivory: pair of L-shaped lateral patches on clypeus (resulting in a wide black anchor medially), patch at inner orbita of eye extended nearly up to level of pos- terior ocelli (Fig. 9), shelf of frons anteriorly between antennal sockets, temple largely except narrowly dorsally (Fig. 11), pair of small spots besides posterior ocellus, trans- verse stripe on pronotum (but narrowly interrupted medially; Fig. 5) and ventrally widened (Fig. 6), small patch on pronotum postero-dorsally, elongate patch on meso- pleuron antero-dorsally, elongate patch near tegula, axilla, lateral patch of metanotum and elongate apical patch on fore femur; metasoma orange red; inner side of fore femur and tibia, tarsi and hind tibia largely reddish-brown; fore coxa densely yellowish setose ventrally; veins and pterostigma, dark brown; basal cells, middle of first subdiscal cell and basal half of first submarginal cell of fore wing subhyaline or slightly infuscate; remainder of fore wing dark brown (Fig. 4). Male. Unknown. Distribution. Vietnam. Etymology. Named in honour of the scientific illustrator, Erik-Jan Bosch (Leiden) because of his excellent illustrations of Hymenoptera. Parasapyga moelleri Turner, 1910 http://species-id.net/wiki/Parasapyga_moelleri Figs 13–22 Parasapyga mölleri Turner 1910: 405–406, Pl. L-8; van der Vecht 1940: 45. Type material. Holotype, ♀ (BMNH), “Type”, “[India], Sikkim, Tukvar, 4000 ‘[ft], iv.[19]01, ex Möller, Bingham Coll.”, “Parasapyga mölleri Turn., Type”, “B.M. Type Hym. 15.1268”. Diagnosis. Clypeus with wide anchor-shaped black patch medially and largely black latero-dorsally (Fig. 20); ivory patch at incision of eye nearly extending up to 68 Cornelis van Achterberg / ZooKeys 369: 61–77 (2014) Figures 13–14. Parasapyga moelleri Turner, holotype, female. 13 habitus dorsal 14 habitus lateral. level of anterior ocellus (Fig. 20); pair of ivory spots besides posterior ocellus absent (Fig. 21); ivory transverse stripe on pronotum widely interrupted medio-dorsally and narrow ventrally (Figs 16, 17); propodeum entirely black latero-dorsally (Fig. 17); first Revision of the genus Parasapyga Turner 69 Figures 15–22. Parasapyga moelleri Turner, holotype, female. 15 wings 16 mesosoma dorsal 17 meso- soma lateral 18 antenna lateral 19 hind leg lateral 20 head anterior 21 head dorsal 22 head lateral. discal cell of fore wing distinctly infuscate and first subdiscal laterally as dark as medi- ally (Figs 13, 15); metasoma rather wide in dorsal view (Fig. 13). Description. Holotype, ♀, length of body 15.2 mm (of fore wing 10.6 mm). Head. Antenna with 12 segments and penultimate segment 1.2 times as wide as apical segment in dorsal view (Fig. 18); frons rather coarsely reticulate-rugose; vertex 70 Cornelis van Achterberg / ZooKeys 369: 61–77 (2014) coarsely reticulate-punctate (Fig. 21); temple coarsely punctate; malar space densely punctulate; head directly narrowed behind eyes (Fig. 21); clypeus coarsely punctate and dorsally with median crest (Fig. 20). Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.5 times its height (Fig. 14); mesopleuron largely coarsely reticulate; metapleuron densely punctulate anteriorly and coarsely obliquely costate posteriorly, with a moderately wide smooth shiny band above it (Fig. 17); pro- notum, mesoscutum, scutellum and metanotum coarsely reticulate-punctate, smooth interspaces between punctures of pronotum and metanotum medio-dorsally mostly distinctly narrower than diameter of punctures (Fig. 16); metanotum medially dis- tinctly convex and distinctly protruding above level of scutellum (Figs 14, 17); entire propodeum densely and rather coarsely reticulate-rugose (Fig. 16). Wings. Fore wing: vein 2m-cu far postfurcal (Fig. 15). Legs. Hind basitarsus rather slender (Fig. 19). Metasoma. Metasoma rather wide in dorsal view (Fig. 13); basal tergites finely punc- tate and shiny, with smooth interspaces wider than diameter of punctures (Fig. 13); hy- popygium 1.2 times longer than fifth sternite ventrally (Fig. 14); ovipositor unknown (broken in holotype). Colour. Black; ivory: L-shaped lateral patch on clypeus, patch at incision of eye ex- tending nearly up to level of anterior ocellus (Fig. 20), shelf of frons anteriorly between antennal sockets, temple (except posteriorly) and up to upper level of eye (Fig. 22), transverse stripe on pronotum (except wide interruption medially; Fig. 16, and nar- rowed ventrally), small patch on mesopleuron antero-dorsally, minute patch near tegu- la, axilla, lateral patch on metanotum, apical patch on fore femur and small basal patch on fore tibia; metasoma dark red; palpi brown; tarsi yellowish-brown; remainder of femora and tibiae, veins and pterostigma, dark brown; fore coxa densely golden setose; apical 0.6 of fore wing dark brown and remainder subhyaline (Fig. 15). Male. Unknown. Distribution. India (Sikkim). Parasapyga walshae van der Vecht, 1940, stat. n. Figs 23–32 Parasapyga mölleri walshae van der Vecht, 1940: 45–46, fig. Type material. Holotype, ♀ (RMNH), “[Indonesia:] S. Sumatra, Res. Lampongs, Mt. Tanggamoes, 22.vii–5.viii.1935, M.E. Walsh”, “Parasapyga mölleri Turn. subsp. walshae v. d. Vecht, ♀”, “Holotype of subsp. n. walshae”. Diagnosis. Clypeus with wide anchor-shaped black patch medially and ivory latero-dorsally (Fig. 30); ivory patch at incision of eye remains far from level of an- terior ocellus (Fig. 30); pair of ivory spots besides posterior ocellus absent (Fig. 31); ivory transverse stripe on pronotum widely interrupted medio-dorsally (Fig. 26) and narrow ventrally (Fig. 27); propodeum with irregular ivory patch latero-dorsally