International and Development Education The International and Development Education Series focuses on the complementary areas of comparative, international, and development education. Books emphasize a number of topics ranging from key international education issues, trends, and reforms to examina- tions of national education systems, social theories, and development education initiatives. Local, national, regional, and global volumes (single-authored and edited collections) con- stitute the breadth of the series and offer potential contributors a great deal of latitude based on interests and cutting-edge research. The series is supported by a strong network of international scholars and development professionals who serve on the International and Development Education Advisory Board and participate in the selection and review process for manuscript development. SERIES EDITORS John N. Hawkins Professor Emeritus, University of California, Los Angeles Co-Director, Asian Pacific Higher Education Research Partnership (APHERP), East-West Center W. James Jacob Associate Professor, University of Pittsburgh Director, Institute for International Studies in Education PRODUCTION EDITOR Weiyan Xiong Program Coordinator, Institute for International Studies in Education INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Clementina Acedo, Webster University, Switzerland Philip G. Altbach, Boston University, USA Carlos E. Blanco, Universidad Central de Venezuela Oswell C. Chakulimba, University of Zambia Sheng Yao Cheng, National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan Ruth Hayhoe, University of Toronto, Canada Wanhua Ma, Peking University, China Ka Ho Mok, Lingnan University, Hong Kong Christine Musselin, Sciences Po, France Yusuf K. Nsubuga, Ministry of Education and Sports, Uganda Namgi Park, Gwangju National University of Education, Republic of Korea Val D. Rust, University of California, Los Angeles, USA Suparno, State University of Malang, Indonesia John C. Weidman, University of Pittsburgh, USA Husam Zaman, Taibah University, Saudi Arabia Yuto Kitamura, Tokyo University, Japan Institute for International Studies in Education School of Education, University of Pittsburgh 5714 Wesley W. Posvar Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA Center for International and Development Education Graduate School of Education & Information Studies, University of California, Los Angeles Box 951521, Moore Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Titles: Higher Education in Asia/Pacific: Quality and the Public Good Edited by Terance W. Bigalke and Deane E. Neubauer Affirmative Action in China and the U.S.: A Dialogue on Inequality and Minority Education Edited by Minglang Zhou and Ann Maxwell Hill Critical Approaches to Comparative Education: Vertical Case Studies from Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and the Americas Edited by Frances Vavrus and Lesley Bartlett Curriculum Studies in South Africa: Intellectual Histories & Present Circumstances Edited by William F. Pinar Higher Education, Policy, and the Global Competition Phenomenon Edited by Laura M. Portnoi, Val D. Rust, and Sylvia S. Bagley The Search for New Governance of Higher Education in Asia Edited by Ka-Ho Mok International Students and Global Mobility in Higher Education: National Trends and New Directions Edited by Rajika Bhandari and Peggy Blumenthal Curriculum Studies in Brazil: Intellectual Histories, Present Circumstances Edited by William F. Pinar Access, Equity, and Capacity in Asia Pacific Higher Education Edited by Deane Neubauer and Yoshiro Tanaka Policy Debates in Comparative, International, and Development Education Edited by John N. Hawkins and W. James Jacob Curriculum Studies in Mexico: Intellectual Histories, Present Circumstances Edited by William F. Pinar Increasing Effectiveness of the Community College Financial Model: A Global Perspective for the Global Economy Edited by Stewart E. Sutin, Daniel Derrico, Rosalind Latiner Raby, and Edward J. Valeau The Internationalization of East Asian Higher Education: Globalizations Impact Edited by John D. Palmer, Amy Roberts, Young Ha Cho, and Gregory Ching University Governance and Reform: Policy, Fads, and Experience in International Perspective Edited by Hans G. Schuetze, William Bruneau, and Garnet Grosjean Mobility and Migration in Asian Pacific Higher Education Edited by Deane E. Neubauer and Kazuo Kuroda Taiwan Education at the Crossroad: When Globalization Meets Localization Edited by Chuing Prudence Chou and Gregory Ching Higher Education Regionalization in Asia Pacific: Implications for Governance, Citizenship and University Transformation Edited by John N. Hawkins, Ka Ho Mok, and Deane E. Neubauer Post-Secondary Education and Technology: A Global Perspective on Opportunities and Obstacles to Development Edited by Rebecca Clothey, Stacy Austin-Li, and John C. Weidman Education and Global Cultural Dialogue: A Tribute to Ruth Hayhoe Edited by Karen Mundy and Qiang Zha The Quest for Entrepreneurial Universities in East Asia By Ka Ho Mok The Dynamics of Higher Education Development in East Asia: Asian Cultural Heritage, Western Dominance, Economic Development, and Globalization Edited by Deane Neubauer, Jung Cheol Shin, and John N. Hawkins Leadership for Social Justice in Higher Education: The Legacy of the Ford Foundation International Fellowships Program Edited by Terance W. Bigalke and Mary S. Zurbuchen Curriculum Studies in China: Intellectual Histories, Present Circumstances Edited by William F. Pinar The Transnationally Partnered University: Insights from Research and Sustainable Development Collaborations in Africa By Peter H. Koehn and Milton O. Obamba Curriculum Studies in India: Intellectual Histories, Present Circumstances Edited By William F. Pinar Private Universities in Latin America: Research and Innovation in the Knowledge Economy Edited by Gustavo Gregorutti and Jorge Enrique Delgado Research, Development, and Innovation in Asia Pacific Higher Education Edited by John N. Hawkins and Ka Ho Mok This page intentionally left blank Research, Development, and Innovation in Asia Pacific Higher Education E DITED BY J N. H K H M OHN AWKINS AND A O OK RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND INNOVATION IN ASIA PACIFIC HIGHER EDUCATION Copyright © John N. Hawkins and Ka Ho Mok, 2015. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2015 978-1-137-45708-0 All rights reserved. First published in 2015 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States— a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-49857-4 ISBN 978-1-137-45709-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137457097 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Research, development, and innovation in Asia Pacific higher education / edited by John N. Hawkins and Ka Ho Mok. pages cm. — (International and development education) Includes index. Summary: "Hawkins and Mok explore the relationship between higher education, research, innovation, and governance as a complex yet critical aspect of higher education development"— Provided by publisher. 1. Education, Higher—East Asia. 2. Education, Higher—Research— East Asia. 3. Education, Higher—Aims and objectives—East Asia. I. Hawkins, John N., editor of compilation. II. Mok, Ka Ho, 1964– editor of compilation. LA1143.R47 2015 378.5—dc23 2014044501 A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Knowledge Works (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: May 2015 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents List of Illustrations ix Series Editors’ Introduction xi Acknowledgments xiii List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xv 1 Introduction 1 John N. Hawkins, Ka Ho Mok, and Deane Neubauer Part I Policy Implications for Shifting Research Capacity and Development 2 Developing Research Capacity in Education Schools and Faculties in Newer Universities: Seeking Research Excellence and Entrepreneurship 11 Annette Gough 3 The Shifting Ecology of Research in Asian Pacific Higher Education: Imitation or Innovation 31 John N. Hawkins 4 Time for Balanced Thinking: Reflections on Dichotomous Multiple Missions of Public Higher Education in the United States 51 Stewart E. Sutin 5 Why the Asian Craze for Publication? An Examination from Academic Regime 61 Po-fen Tai 6 National Policies in Chile Related to Research and Innovation: The Challenge of Cultural Change 81 Mario F. Letelier and María J. Sandoval viii Contents Part II Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Development in the Research Domain 7 Rethinking Innovation in a Higher Education Context 95 Deane Neubauer 8 Questing for Entrepreneurship and Innovation for Enhancing Global Competitiveness in Hong Kong: Academic Reflections 115 Ka Ho Mok 9 The Quest for Entrepreneurial University in Taiwan: Policies and Practices in Industry-Academy Cooperation 135 Sheng-Ju Chan and Ka Ho Mok 10 The University-Community Compact: Innovation in Community Engagement 155 Robert W. Franco 11 Management of Research, Development, and Innovation: A Case Study of Universiti Sains Malaysia 177 Chang Da Wan and Molly N. N. Lee 12 Dynamics and Challenges of Public and Private Partnership in Thai Higher Education Institutions in Promoting a Creative Society: Implications for Research 199 Prompilai Buasuwan and Bordin Rassameethes 13 Subjectivity, Indigenous Perspectives, and the New Qing History: The Role and Potential of Local Dimensions in Enhancing Research and Development in a Globalized Setting 215 William Yat Wai Lo 14 Research, Development, and Academic Culture in Chinese Universities: A Historical Reflection 225 Su-Yan Pan 15 Conclusion: Research Trends in Higher Education in Asia Pacific 245 John N. Hawkins and Ka Ho Mok Contributors Biographies 253 Index 259 Illustrations Figures 5.1 Volume of publications compared to 1991 in selected Asian countries 62 5.2 The relative citation impact in selected countries, 2006–2010 62 5.3 The dynamics of an academic regime 65 5.4 The expenditure on R&D and its share to GDP 69 5.5 The growth of teaching staff from 2000 to 2010 73 5.6 The increase of manpower in R&D compared to 1996 74 5.7 The average expenditure per researcher from 1996 to 2009 75 5.8 The average volume of publications per researcher from 1996 to 2009 75 9.1 Increasing performance of IAC, 2003–2012 144 9.2 The dynamics of IAC 150 13.1 A common differentiated academic system 217 13.2 The differentiated academic system integrating the international and local dimensions 218 Tables 2.1 Comparison of recommendations for the future structuring of universities 15 2.2 ERA 2012—RMIT top-ten contributors to FoR codes from School of Education 21 2.3 Ranges of expected research performance at RMIT 24 2.4 Ranges of aspirational research performance at RMIT 25 6.1 Chilean export and produce compositions for 2013 83