Book Cover The Project Gutenberg EBook of Reminiscences, by Hans Mattson This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Reminiscences The Story of an Emigrant Author: Hans Mattson Release Date: May 17, 2010 [EBook #32399] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REMINISCENCES *** Produced by K Nordquist, René Anderson Benitz and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE: MOST VARIATIONS IN HYPHENATION, CAPITALIZATION, AND SPELLING HAVE BEEN RETAINED AS IN THE ORIGINAL. SPELLING ERRORS HAVE BEEN CORRECTED WHEN MOST OCCURRENCES OF THE WORD IN QUESTION ARE CORRECT. OBVIOUS TYPOS HAVE BEEN AMENDED. ALL AMENDMENTS ARE UNDERLINED IN TEXT; ORIGINAL TEXT APPEARS IN A MOUSE HOVERBOX OVER EACH AMENDMENT, LIKE this. MINOR PRINTER ERRORS (QUOTATION MARKS, PUNCTUATION, ETC.) HAVE BEEN AMENDED WITHOUT NOTE. MID-PARAGRAPH ILLUSTRATIONS HAVE BEEN RELOCATED BETWEEN PARAGRAPHS FOR EASIER READING, causing some page numbers to be removed. Table of Contents has been added. H. Mattson REMINISCENCES THE STORY OF AN EMIGRANT BY HANS MATTSON, LATE CONSUL GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES, IN INDIA SAINT PAUL: D. D. MERRILL COMPANY 1891. COPYRIGHTED 1891 BY D. D. MERRILL COMPANY ST. PAUL, MINN. All Rights Reserved CONTENTS CHAPTER I. ANCESTRY AND COUNTRY HOME IN SWEDEN—HOME INFLUENCES—MY FIRST SCHOOL YEARS —Christmas—Military life—Departure for America. CHAPTER II. ARRIVAL AT BOSTON—ADVENTURES BETWEEN BOSTON AND NEW YORK—BUFFALO—AN Asylum—Return to New York—A Voyage—On the Farm in New Hampshire. CHAPTER III. THE ARRIVAL OF MY FATHER AND BROTHER—JOURNEY TO ILLINOIS—WORK ON A RAILROAD— THE AGUE—DOCTOR OBER—RELIGIOUS IMPRESSIONS—THE ARRIVAL OF MY MOTHER, SISTER AND HER HUSBAND—A BURNING RAILROAD TRAIN—WE GO TO MINNESOTA—OUR Experience as Wood Choppers and Pioneers. CHAPTER IV. FUTURE HOPES—FARM LIFE—NORWEGIAN PIONEERS—THE CONDITION OF THE IMMIGRANT AT THE BEGINNING OF THE FIFTIES—RELIGIOUS MEETINGS—THE GROWTH OF THE SETTLEMENT—VASA TOWNSHIP ORGANIZED—A LUTHERAN CHURCH ESTABLISHED—MY WEDDING—SPECULATION—THE CRISIS OF 1857—STUDY OF LAW IN RED WING—I AM ADMITTED TO THE BAR AND ELECTED COUNTY AUDITOR—POLITICS IN 1860—WAR IS Imminent. CHAPTER V. THE BEGINNING OF THE CIVIL WAR—THE SCANDINAVIANS TAKING PART IN IT—APPEAL IN Hemlandet TO THE SCANDINAVIANS OF MINNESOTA—COMPANY D. ORGANIZED—THE EXPRESSIONS OF THE PRESS—THE DEPARTURE—THE MARCH OVER THE CUMBERLAND Mountains—The Fate of the Third Regiment. CHAPTER VI. EVENTS OF 1863—THE SIEGE OF VICKSBURG—ANECDOTES ABOUT GENS. LOGAN, STEVENSON AND GRANT—LITTLE ROCK CAPTURED—RECRUITING AT FORT SNELLING—THE ENGAGEMENT AT FITZHUGH’S WOODS—PINE BLUFF—WINTER QUARTERS AT DUVALL’S BLUFF —Death of Lincoln—Close of the War—The Third Regiment Disbanded. CHAPTER VII. RECONSTRUCTION IN THE SOUTH—THIRD REGIMENT MUSTERED OUT—THE FAREWELL ORDER —Sacrifices and Costs of the War. CHAPTER VIII. MY REASON FOR TAKING PART IN THE CIVIL WAR—THE DIGNITY OF LABOR—THE FIRM MATTSON & WEBSTER—Svenska Amerikanaren, ITS PROGRAM AND RECEPTION—THE State Emigration Bureau of Minnesota—Its Aim, Plan and Work. CHAPTER IX. VISIT TO SWEDEN IN 1868-1869—THE OBJECT OF MY JOURNEY—EXPERIENCES AND OBSERVATIONS DURING THE SAME—DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AMERICAN AND SWEDISH CUSTOMS—MY BIRTH-PLACE—ARRIVAL AND VISIT THERE—VISIT TO CHRISTIANSTAD—VISIT TO STOCKHOLM—THE SWEDISH PARLIAMENT—MY RETURN TO AMERICA—REFLECTIONS ON and Impressions of the Condition of the Bureaucracy of Sweden. CHAPTER X. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SCANDINAVIAN ELEMENT—A SWEDE ELECTED SECRETARY OF STATE IN MINNESOTA—FALSE RUMORS OF INDIAN DEPREDATIONS—THE NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILROAD IS BUILT—TRIP TO PHILADELPHIA—THE NATIONAL CONVENTION AT INDIANAPOLIS —DELEGATION TO WASHINGTON—A SWEDISH COLONY IN MISSISSIPPI MOVED TO Minnesota—The Second Voyage to Europe. CHAPTER XI. IN SWEDEN AGAIN—RECEPTION AT MY OLD HOME—VISIT TO NORTHERN SWEDEN—FIELD MANEUVERS IN SWEDEN—THE OPENING OF PARLIAMENT—IN NORWAY—VISIT IN STOCKHOLM—ROYAL PALACES—THE GÖTA CANAL—A TRIP TO FINLAND AND RUSSIA— King Oscar II.—A Trip to Dalarne in the Winter. CHAPTER XII. VISIT IN MINNESOTA AND PHILADELPHIA—CONVERSATION WITH JAY COOKE—THE CRISIS OF 1873—NEGOTIATIONS IN HOLLAND—DRAINING OF A LAKE IN SKÅNE—ICELANDIC COLONY IN Manitoba—Return to America. CHAPTER XIII. GRASSHOPPER RAVAGES IN MINNESOTA—THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION—CHOSEN PRESIDENTIAL ELECTOR—MINNESOTA Stats Tidning—Svenska Tribunen IN CHICAGO— Farm in Northwestern Minnesota—Journalistic Work. CHAPTER XIV. I AM APPOINTED CONSUL-GENERAL TO INDIA—ASSASSINATION OF GARFIELD—DEPARTURE FOR INDIA—MY STAY IN CHICAGO AND WASHINGTON—PARIS AND VERSAILLES—ROME— NAPLES—POMPEII—FROM NAPLES TO ALEXANDRIA—INTERESTING ACQUAINTANCES ON THE Voyage—The First Impressions in Egypt. CHAPTER XV. ALEXANDRIA AND ITS MONUMENTS—THE EGYPTIAN “FELLAHS”—THE MOHAMMEDANS AND THEIR RELIGION—THE VOYAGE THROUGH THE SUEZ CANAL—THE RED SEA—THE Indian Ocean—The Arrival at Calcutta. CHAPTER XVI. INDIA—ITS PEOPLE, RELIGION, ETC.—THE FERTILITY OF THE COUNTRY—THE CLIMATE—THE DWELLINGS—PUNKAH—COSTUMES—CALCUTTA—DALHOUSIE SQUARE—LIFE IN THE Streets. CHAPTER XVII. THE PROMENADES OF THE FASHIONABLE WORLD—MAIDAN—THE VICEROY—BRITISH Dominions in India. CHAPTER XVIII. AN INDIAN FÊTE—THE PRINCE OF BURDWAN—INDIAN LUXURY—THE RICHES AND Romantic Life of an Indian Prince—Poverty and Riches. CHAPTER XIX. ALLAHABAD—SACRED PLACES—KUMBH MELA—PILGRIMAGES—BATHING IN THE GANGES —Fakirs and Penitents—Sacred Rites—Superstitions. CHAPTER XX. Benares, the Holy City of the Hindoos—Its Temples and Worshipers—The Sacred Monkeys. CHAPTER XXI. Nimtoolaghat—Cremation in India—Parsee Funeral Rites. CHAPTER XXII. HEATHENISM AND CHRISTIANITY—THE RELIGION OF THE HINDOOS—CASTE—THE BRAHMINS—THEIR TYRANNY—SUPERSTITION—THE INFLUENCE OF CHRISTIANITY— Keshub-Chunder-Sen, the Indian Reformer—His faith and Influence. CHAPTER XXIII. STEAMBOATING ON THE GANGES—LIFE ON THE RIVER—THE GREATEST BUSINESS FIRM IN THE WORLD—SCENERIES—TEMPLES—SERAMPOOR—BOAT RACES—AN EXCURSION TO THE HIMALAYAS—DARJIELING AND HIMALAYA RAILROAD—TEA PLANTATIONS—DARJIELING— Llamas—View from the Mountains. CHAPTER XXIV. CHOLERA AND OTHER DISEASES—THE CAUSES OF CHOLERA—HOW THE SOLDIERS ARE PROTECTED AGAINST IT—SUDDEN DEATHS—FEVERS—THE TERAJ—CONTEMPT FOR DEATH —THE CHOLERA HOSPITAL—THE SISTERS OF MERCY—THE PRINCES TAGORE—HINDOO Family Customs—Hindoo Gallantry—A Hindoo Fête. CHAPTER XXV. AGRICULTURE, MANUFACTURE AND ARCHITECTURE—WHEAT GROWING—THE FARM LABORER —HIS CONDITION, IMPLEMENTS, ETC. THE TAJ-MAHAL—JUGGLERS—SNAKE CHARMERS— From My Journal. CHAPTER XXVI. THE WOMEN OF INDIA—THE WIDOWS—THE AMERICAN ZENANA—PRIZES AWARDED IN A GIRL’S SCHOOL—ANNANDABAI JOSHEE—HER VISIT TO AMERICA—REPORTS TO THE Government—Departure from India—Burmah—Ceylon—Arabia—Cairo. CHAPTER XXVII. CAIRO—CHEOP’S PYRAMID—VENICE—THE ST. GOTTHARD TUNNEL—ON THE RHINE— Visit in Holland and England—Father Nugent—Arrival at New York. CHAPTER XXVIII. HOME FROM INDIA—A FRIENDLY RECEPTION—JOURNEY TO NEW MEXICO—THE MAXWELL LAND GRANT COMPANY—RENEWED VISITS TO ENGLAND AND HOLLAND—RE-ELECTED SECRETARY OF STATE—VISIT OF THE SWEDISH OFFICERS IN MINNEAPOLIS AND ST. PAUL— TWO HUNDRED AND FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF THE LANDING OF THE FIRST SWEDES IN Delaware. CHAPTER XXIX. THE CAUSES OF IMMIGRATION—AMERICAN INFLUENCE ON EUROPE, AND ESPECIALLY ON SWEDEN—THE CONDITION OF THE SWEDES IN AMERICA—AMERICAN CHARACTERISTICS— ANTIPATHY AGAINST FOREIGNERS—THE SWEDISH PRESS ON AMERICA—AMERICAN Heiresses. CHAPTER XXX. REVIEW. NOTE. THESE reminiscences WERE WRITTEN FROM MEMORY IN SUCH LEISURE MOMENTS AS THE AUTHOR COULD SPARE FROM A BUSY LIFE, AND PUBLISHED IN THE SWEDISH LANGUAGE NEARLY A YEAR AGO. THEY WERE INTENDED SOLELY FOR SWEDISH READERS IN THE MOTHER COUNTRY AND AMERICA, BUT SINCE THEIR PUBLICATION IN THAT LANGUAGE IT HAS BEEN URGED BY MANY THAT THEY OUGHT TO BE MADE ACCESSIBLE TO ENGLISH READERS ALSO. AND THIS, PRINCIPALLY, IN ORDER THAT THE CHILDREN OF THE OLD SWEDISH EMIGRANTS, WHO ARE MORE FAMILIAR WITH THE ENGLISH THAN THE SWEDISH LANGUAGE, MAY HAVE AN OPPORTUNITY TO LEARN something of the early struggles of their fathers in this country. AT THE SAME TIME IT WAS THOUGHT THAT THE AMERICAN READER IN GENERAL MIGHT TAKE PLEASURE IN FOLLOWING THE FORTUNES OF ONE OF THE MANY EMIGRANTS WHO OWES WHATEVER HE HAS ACCOMPLISHED IN LIFE TO THE OPPORTUNITIES OFFERED BY THE FREE INSTITUTIONS OF THIS COUNTRY, AND THAT IT WOULD ESPECIALLY INTEREST HIM TO READ THE ACCOUNT OF ORIENTAL LIFE, RELIGION AND characteristics as seen by the author during his residence in the wonderful land of the Hindoos. AS TO LITERARY FINISH NO CLAIM IS MADE. IN A FEW INSTANCES OF A DESCRIPTIVE NATURE RECOURSE HAS BEEN HAD TO THE ACCOUNTS OF OTHER OBSERVERS. IN ALL OTHER RESPECTS THE STORY IS A PLAIN RECITAL OF THE PERSONAL EXPERIENCES OF THE AUTHOR, TOLD WITHOUT PRETENSIONS, AS AN HUMBLE CONTRIBUTION BY AN EMIGRANT TO THE HISTORY OF THE EMIGRANTS, AND OF THE SETTLEMENT of the Great West. THE AUTHOR. MINNEAPOLIS, MINN., October, 1891. CHAPTER I. ANCESTRY AND COUNTRY HOME IN SWEDEN—HOME INFLUENCES—MY FIRST SCHOOL YEARS—CHRISTMAS— Military life—Departure for America. My childhood passed so quietly and smoothly that it would be superfluous to mention it at all, except for the fact that such omission would leave a gap in these reminiscences. For this reason, and, also, in order that the American reader may get some idea of a good country home in Sweden, I shall relate very briefly some incidents from that time. My parents belonged to one of those old families of proprietary farmers, whose spirit of independence and never failing love of liberty, have, from time immemorial, placed Sweden, as a land of constitutional liberty, in the front rank among all the countries of the Old World. Like the descendants of the old Scotch clans the ancestors of my father were noted for certain physical and mental qualities, which made them prominent among the inhabitants of the district of Villand, Skåne, where most of them had their home. They were independent freeholders and were generally reckoned among the leading men of their district. They were large and strong with broad shoulders, high and broad foreheads and other family characteristics. The christian names of the male members were generally Bonde, Trued, Lars, Matts, and Hans, and the family can be traced back in the parish records for more than two hundred years. My mother was born on the island of Ifö, my father’s family also came from that island and were the owners of the estate described by Du Chaillu in his “Land of the Midnight Sun” with the remarkable crypt built by Bishop Andreas Suneson[1] and the estate still belongs to a second cousin of mine. My father inherited a small sum of money for which, at the time of his marriage, he bought a land in the parish of Önnestad near the city of Kristianstad. On this property he built a small house, barn, etc., and on the south side of the former a small flower garden was laid out at either end of which my father planted a spruce tree, one of which grew up into a fine, big tree, the only one of its kind in the whole neighborhood, and to which I shall refer farther on. In this unpretending little cabin I was born Dec. 23d, 1832, and under its lowly but peaceful roof I spent the first years of my childhood, together with an elder sister and a younger brother. I can yet distinctly remember many incidents from my childhood as far back as my third and fourth year; all these memories are dear and exceedingly pleasant to me. There was no discord, no cause for sorrow and tears in my home during the time of my childhood. Everything bore the stamp of peace and calm, emanating from that spirit of genuine old Swedish honesty and sincere piety, which animated my parents. One of my very first recollections is of my father reading aloud the beautiful hymn: “The morning light shall wake me To the strains of sacred song,” etc. At the age of six my schooling commenced under the guidance of an itinerant schoolmaster by name of Bergdahl, who taught small children at their homes, stopping one day for each child at every house and keeping on in that way the whole term which lasted from three to four months. Old Bergdahl was a good and sensible man, far superior to the average men of his class. He seldom punished his pupils except by appealing to their better nature, and still maintained the best discipline that I have ever seen in any school of even greater pretensions. My parents were doing well on their little farm, which they sold about this time, buying a larger one on the Önnestad Hills. Here they erected larger and more commodious buildings. - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - OUR HOME. Near the house was a park, a creek, and some large rocks, all of which afforded welcome play-ground, and soon made this place dearer to me than the old home. We were followed by the school-master who also settled down in our neighborhood. I continued reading another year under his guidance, after which I attended a private school, and at the age of eight was sent to the village school that was superintended by a lady teacher, a normal school graduate, who was considered one of the best teachers in that part of the country. My parents, desiring a more extensive field for their activity, also rented a large farm, called Kellsagard, near the village church, and we now moved into a still larger and better house. Meanwhile I continued my attendance at the village school until I had learned all that was taught there. During the vacations I worked on my father’s farm at such light work as was suited to my age and strength. I had a decided fancy for horses, of which my father raised a large number, and was always happy for a chance to ride or drive in company with the hired men, and after my twelfth year I used to break the young colts to the saddle. At the same time I had a great taste for reading and never intended to remain long on the farm, but was always meditating on getting a higher education, which would prepare me for a larger field of action than a country farm could offer. At the age of fourteen I was sent to another school, located about three miles from my home. Here I was instructed in the common branches, and in a short time passed through the whole course of studies. I also received instruction from Rev. T. N. Hasselquist, who has played such a prominent part in the Swedish Lutheran Church of America, and took private lessons in arithmetic and writing of Mr. S. J. Willard, a bright young teacher, who afterwards married my only sister, and finally became my companion during our pioneer life in Minnesota. Our last home offered many conveniences; the house was well furnished, and so large that the second story could be rented most of the time, and it was occupied alternately by a clergyman with his family, and a captain of the army. These people, and our numerous city friends, exerted a refining and elevating influence on the farm surroundings, and our home was widely noted for its hospitality. My father was a kind-hearted, noble-minded man, and was liked by all who knew him. My mother was a woman of strong character, and wielded a great influence over her surroundings. She managed a household of forty to fifty persons, and on Sundays there was always an extra table set for friends and visitors. Her good- will, however, extended not only to our pleasant associates, but also to the poor, the suffering and the unfortunate. I cannot recall any period of my childhood when we did not harbor some poor, forsaken pauper, waif, orphan or cripple in my father’s house. Christmas has always been, and is yet, the greatest of all festivities or holidays among all the Scandinavian peoples. It is not merely a holiday like it is among Americans, but a festival lasting for many days. While the people in the different localities of the Scandinavian countries, at the time of my childhood, differed in many customs, they were all alike in making this season one of joyous hospitality, blended with religious worship. I shall endeavor to describe Christmas as celebrated in my home in Southern Sweden 50 years ago, and I venture to say that while matters of detail might differ in different parts of the country, the descriptions as a whole will apply to them all. The preparations for Christmas commenced in the beginning of December by butchering, brewing and baking, so as to lay in large stores of the essential elements for enjoyment and hospitality. The fattened animals were slaughtered, the tallow made into candles, the meat salted, smoked, and otherwise prepared for a whole year. The rich brown Yule-ale was made in large quantities, and poured in kegs and barrels. Bread of many varieties was baked for days and days, and stored away in proper places, a large share of it being intended for the poor, who began their rounds of calls a week before Christmas, receiving presents of brown and white loaves, large cuts of meats and cheese, rolls of sausage, etc. The school-master, the parish mid-wife, the village night watchman, and other semi-public characters of small degree were carefully remembered at this time. The village tailor with his journeymen and apprentices appeared a few weeks before Christmas and made the wearing apparel for the family and servants out of home-spun fabrics for the whole year. - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - The village shoemaker with his crowd of workmen followed close upon the former, and made up the boots and shoes out of leather which had been prepared to order, finishing up by repairing the stable harnesses, sometimes making new ones. It was a busy season; the house-wife was kept astir early and late to give directions, and superintending all these things. Finally the day of Christmas Eve came, on which everything must be in readiness, pans and kettles be scoured, floors scrubbed and strewn with white sand and fresh juniper twigs, even the stables for the cattle receiving an extra scrubbing. The yard was swept and every nook and corner of the premises put in holiday attire, and last of all, the hired men and girls were expected to retire to their respective quarters for a similar cleaning, and make their appearance about five o’clock in the afternoon in clean linen and new clothes, ready for the great event, as for a marriage feast. In the mean time pots and kettles were boiling on the hearth in the great kitchen, baskets were being filled and sent off to the poor who were too feeble to call for their gifts; the family and servants contenting themselves that day with a lunch, well known all over Sweden as dopparebröd. It being now dark, the long table was set in the large common room. The whitest linen, the finest plate, plenty of fresh white bread, and two or three home-made cheeses, baskets of cake, and large decanters containing sweet ale, ornamented the table. In front of the seats of husband and wife was placed a large home-made tallow candle with as many branches as there were members of the family. Other candles were placed in candle-sticks or chandeliers, so that there was an abundance of light, in commemoration of the Great Light which came into the world on that eve. There was also a Christmas tree decorated with ribbons, flowers, confectionery and burning tapers. The lighting of the candles was the signal for all to come to the feast. That evening at least there was no distinction as to persons. The lowest servant-boy had his seat, and received the same attention as the children or members of the family. When all were seated a Christmas prayer was offered by the head of the family, after which a hymn was sung, in which all joined; then were brought in from the kitchen great dishes of “Lut Fisk,” served with drawn butter and mustard sauce; after that a roast of beef or pork, and at last the Yule-mush. About the time that this was finished, some one who had quietly stepped outside returned in the disguise of Santa Claus, and threw baskets full of Christmas presents on the floor. The children and younger servants made a scramble for these, amid shouts of hilarious joy and distributed them according to the directions written on each bundle. No one was forgotten. Then at the table followed cakes with sweet wine or punch, and nuts and apples, all of which was enjoyed hugely and deliberately, so that it was often ten o’clock before the tables were cleared. The remainder of the evening was spent in quiet amusements, such as telling stories about princes and princesses, giants and trolls, conundrums, tricks with cards, etc., and seldom did the happy circle break up until nearly mid-night. Christmas day was considered a very holy day. There were no visits made, no work done except of the greatest necessity, such as feeding the animals and keeping up the fires; no cooking was done on that day, but meals were served mostly cold from the delicious head cheese, pork roast and other delicacies, which had been prepared beforehand. The greatest event of all the season, and in fact of the whole year, was the early service (ottesång) in the parish church, at five o’clock on Christmas morning. Hundreds of candles were lighted in chandeliers and candlesticks. The altar was covered with gold embroidered cloth; the floor was strewn with fresh twigs of juniper, and soon the people began to assemble. They came from every house and hamlet, in sleighs with tinkling bells, on horseback, and on foot along every road and winding pathway, usually in groups, swelling as the parties and the roads intersected, many carrying lanterns or burning pine-knots to light the way. Everywhere the greeting, “Happy Christmas” was heard, but all with joyful solemnity. Outside the church the burning torches were thrown in a pile which formed a blaze that could be seen a long distance off. The church was soon crowded; then the solemn tones of the organ burst forth; the organist led in the beautiful hymn, “Var hälsad sköna morgon stund” (Be greeted joyful morning hour), in which every member of the congregation joined, until the temple was filled with their united voices so that the walls almost shook. And when the minister ascended the pulpit, clad in his surplice and black cape, he had before him a most devout congregation. Of course the sermon was about the Messiah, who was born in the stable, and placed in the manger at Bethlehem. The next service was at ten o’clock, and the rest of the day was spent quietly at home by everybody. On the next day, called Second Day Christmas, the previous solemnity was discarded, and the time for visiting and social enjoyments commenced. The one permanent virtue most conspicuous during the whole Christmas season, which in those days extended way into the month of January, was hospitality, and next to that, or linked with it, charity. It seemed that the heart of every one expanded until it took in every fellow creature high and low, and even the brute animals. Many and many were the loaves of bread, grain and meal thrown out purposely for the birds or stray dogs that might be hungry, and many of the farmers followed the beautiful Norwegian custom of placing sheaves of oats and barley on the roof of their barns that the poor birds might also enjoy Christmas. But there were also other ennobling influences which surrounded and emanated from our home, and I recollect most vividly those connected with nature. The house was surrounded by a large beautiful - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - garden, with choice flowers and fruit, fine grass plats and luxuriant trees, the branches of which were alive with singing birds, the most noted among these being the nightingale, which every summer filled the garden with sweet melody. Of the incidents of my childhood I will mention a few, which have left the most vivid impression on my mind: Once my parents took me along to see the king, who was to pass by on the highway a short distance from our home. The people from the country around had congregated by thousands to see his majesty. Most of them, however, did not get a chance to see anything but a large number of carriages each of which was drawn by four or six horses, and postillions and servants in splendid liveries. In the midst of this confusion I, however, succeeded in catching a glimpse of King Oscar I, as he passed by. In my childish mind I had fancied that the king and his family and all others, in authority were the peculiar and elect people of the Almighty, but after this event which produced a very decided impression on me, I began to entertain serious doubts as to the correctness of my views on this matter. At another time I went with my mother to the city of Kristianstad to hear the Rev. Doctor P. Fjellstedt, who had just returned from a missionary tour in India. I can never forget how eloquently he described the Hindoos, and the Brahmin idolatry, all of which aroused in me an eager longing to visit the wonderful country and learn to know its peculiar people. But little did I then dream that I was to go there thirty-six years later as the representative of the greatest country of the world. At one time I went in company with my mother to the Danish capital, Copenhagen, we being among the first Swedish families that traveled by rail, for we took the railroad from Copenhagen to Roskilde, the same being finished several years before any railroads were built in Sweden. In the summer of 1847, shortly after my confirmation, I was properly supplied with wardrobe and other necessaries, and saying good-bye to the happy and peaceful home of my childhood, I left for the city of Kristianstad to enter the Latin school. In kissing me good-bye my mother urged on me the precious words, which she had inherited from her mother: “Do right and fear nothing.” When I entered this school I was fourteen years and a-half old, tall of stature and well developed for my age, and, like other country children, somewhat awkward in dress and behavior. My schoolmates welcomed me by giving me a nick-name, and trying to pick a quarrel with me, which they also succeeded in doing, and before the end of the first day a drawn battle had been fought, after which they never troubled me again. The principal study in this school was Latin, early and late, to which was soon added German, and at the close of the second year, Greek, French, history, geography, and other common branches. I made rapid progress, was awarded a prize at my first examination, and finished the work of two classes in two years, only about half the usual time. During those two years, and even before that time, I had a peculiar presentiment that I would have to make great mental and physical exertions in the future, and that it was necessary for me to prepare for whatever might happen. Therefore, I often chose the hard floor for my bed and a book for a pillow. At times I would take long walks without eating and drinking, and let my room-mates strike my chest with their fists until it was swollen and inflamed. I even tried how long I could go without food, and still not lose my mental and physical vigor. When I was sixteen years old, an event took place which had a decisive influence on my whole life. A captain of the army boarded at my father’s home, and was regarded as a member of the family. Among his acquaintances was a young man of my own age, who also had the same christian name as I. One day this young man came to see the captain, and as he approached the house my mother and sister observing him, both exclaimed at the same time, “There is Hans!” He heard this, and was greatly surprised that they knew him, while the fact was that they mistook him for me. At that time I was in the city, but the next day this second Hans visited me, and told me of the incident. If there is such a thing as affinity between men, it certainly existed between him and me; we felt ourselves irresistibly drawn towards each other, and from that day we have been more than brothers, and nothing but death can separate us. We are of the same size, complexion and age. He had already served a short time as cadet in the artillery, but had been compelled to resign on account of poor health. Now he had recovered and entered service again as a volunteer in the infantry. The events of my life are so closely interwoven with this man and his life, that the reader will often hear of him in these pages. Right here I wish to state, that a more faithful friend and a more noble character cannot be found; he has always been a help and a comfort to me in the many and strange vicissitudes which we have shared together. His name is Hans Eustrom, better known in Minnesota as Captain Eustrom. The first Danish-German war broke out about this time, and I, with many other youths, felt a hearty sympathy for the Danes. The Swedish government resolved to send troops to help their neighbors, and a few regiments marching through our city fanned our youthful enthusiasm into flame. Finally, a detachment - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - of the artillery, quartered in the city, was ordered to leave for the seat of war, and now I could no longer restrain myself, but besieged my parents to let me join that part of the army which was going to the battlefield, and to clinch the argument I was cruel enough to send word to my distressed mother that if she would not consent I would run away from home and join the army anyway. This last argument made her yield, and in the fall of 1849 I became an artillery cadet, being then in my seventeenth year. But although I won this victory over my mother, whose greatest desire was that I should become a clergyman, she in turn gained a victory over me by persuading the surgeon of the batallion, who was also our family physician, to declare me sick and send me to the hospital, although I had only a slight cold; thus my plan to go with the army to Schleswig-Holstein was frustrated. This did not make much difference, however, as the war was virtually closed before our troops arrived at the place of destination, and my time could now be more profitably employed in learning the duties of a soldier, and in taking a course of mathematics and other practical branches at the regimental school. I remained in the army a year and a-half, during which time I received excellent instruction in gymnastics, fencing and riding, besides the regular military drill. Two winters were thus devoted to conscientious and thorough work at the military school. Knowing that the chances for advancement in the Swedish army during times of peace were at this time very slim for young men not favored with titles of nobility, and being also tired of the monotonous garrison life, my friend Eustrom and myself soon resolved to leave the service and try our luck in a country where inherited names and titles were not the necessary conditions of success. At that time America was little known in our part of the country, only a few persons having emigrated from the whole district. But we knew that it was a new country, inhabited by a free and independent people, that it had a liberal government and great natural resources, and these inducements were sufficient for us. My parents readily consented to my emigration, and, having made the necessary preparations, my father took my friend Eustrom and myself down to the coast with his own horses, in the first part of May, 1851. It was a memorable evening, and I shall never forget the last farewell to my home, in driving out from the court into the village street, how I stood up in the wagon, turned towards the dear home and waved my hat with a hopeful hurrah to the “folks I left behind.” A couple of days’ journey brought us to a little seaport, where we took leave of my father and boarded a small schooner for the city of Gothenburg. At that time there were no ocean steamers and no emigrant agents; but we soon found a sailing vessel bound for America on which we embarked as passengers, furnishing our own bedding, provisions and other necessaries, which our mothers had supplied in great abundance. About one hundred and fifty emigrants from different parts of Sweden were on board the brig Ambrosius. In the middle of May she weighed anchor and glided out of the harbor on her long voyage across the ocean to distant Boston. We gazed back at the vanishing shores of the dear fatherland with feelings of affection, but did not regret the step we had taken, and our bosoms heaved with boundless hope. At the age of eighteen, the strong, healthy youth takes a bright and hopeful view of life, and so did we. Many and beautiful were the air- castles we built as we stood on deck, with our eyes turned towards the promised land of the nineteenth century. To some of these castles our lives have given reality, others are still floating before us. CHAPTER II. ARRIVAL AT BOSTON—ADVENTURES BETWEEN BOSTON AND NEW YORK—BUFFALO—AN ASYLUM—RETURN TO New York—A Voyage—On the Farm in New Hampshire. The good brig Ambrosius landed us in Boston on June 29, 1851, but during the voyage about one-half of the passengers were attacked by small-pox and had to be quarantined outside the harbor. My good friend and I were fortunate enough to escape this plague; but instead of this I was taken sick with the ague on our arrival at Boston. Now, then, we were in America! The new, unknown country lay before us, and it seemed the more strange as we did not understand a word of the English language. For at that time the schools of Sweden paid no attention to English, so that although I had studied four languages, English, the most important of all tongues, was entirely unknown to me. The first few weeks of our stay in Boston passed quietly and quickly, but the ague grew worse and my purse was getting empty. My friend, however, had more money than I, and as long as he had a dollar left - 13 - - 14 - he divided it equally between us. I cannot resist the temptation to relate a serio-comical escapade of this period, one that to many will recall similar occurences in their own experience as immigrants ignorant of the language of the country. In Gothenburg we had become acquainted with a bright young man from Vexiö, Janne Tenggren by name, who had also served in the army. When we met him he had already bought a ticket on a sailing vessel bound for New York, so that we could not make the voyage together. But we agreed to hunt each other up after our arrival in America. We left Sweden about the same time with the understanding that if we arrived first we should meet him in New York, and if he arrived first he should go to Boston to meet us there. About a week after our arrival in Boston, we heard that the vessel on which he had embarked had arrived, and I immediately left for New York to fulfill our promise. But, unfortunately, I found he had already gone west, so I bought a return ticket to Boston the same day. The journey was by steamboat to Fall River, thence by rail to Boston. We left New York in the evening. I remained on the deck, and went to sleep about ten o’clock on some wooden boxes. About eleven o’clock I awoke, saw the steamer laying to and, supposing we were at Fall River, hurried off and followed the largest crowd, expecting thus to get to the railroad depot. Striking no depot, however, I returned to the harbor, only to find the steamer gone, and everybody but myself had vanished from the pier. There I stood, in the middle of the night, without money, ignorant of the language, and not even knowing where I was! Tired and discouraged I finally threw myself down on a wooden box on the sidewalk, and went to sleep. About five o’clock in the morning a big policeman aroused me by poking at me with his club. This respectable incarnation of social order evidently took me for a tramp or a madman, and as he could not obtain any intelligible information from me in any language known to him, he took me to a small shoe store kept by a German. Fortunately, my acquaintance with the German language was sufficient to enable me to explain myself, and I soon found that I had left the steamer several hours too early; that the name of this place was New London, that another steamer would come past at the same time the next night, so that all I had to do was to wait for that steamer and go to Boston on the same ticket. I spent the day in seeing the city and chatting with my friend, the shoe maker, and in the evening returned to the wharf to watch for the Boston steamer. This being my ague day, I had violent attacks of ague and fever, so that I was again forced to lie down to rest on the same wooden box, and again went to sleep. After a while I was aroused by the noise of the approaching steamer; rushed on board in company with some other passengers, and considered myself very fortunate when reflecting that I would surely be in Boston the next morning. I had made myself familiar with the surroundings during the day, and when the steamer started, I noticed that it directed its course towards New York, instead of Boston. I had no money to pay my fare to New York, could neither borrow nor beg, and so I crawled down in a little hole in the fore part of the steamer, where the tackles and ropes were kept, thus, fortunately, escaping the notice of the ticket collector. The next evening I again embarked for Boston and finally arrived safely at my destination. We stayed in Boston several weeks, and during that time my ague caused a heavy drain on our small treasury. We had no definite plan, did not know what to do, and as we had never been used to any kind of hard work, matters began to assume a serious aspect, especially in regard to myself. But then, as now, the hope of many a young man was the Great West which, at that time, was comparatively little known even in Boston. Toward the close of the month of July we, therefore, went to Buffalo, which was as far as our money would carry us. Here we put up at a cheap boarding house kept by a Norwegian by name of Larson, with whom we stopped while trying to get work. But having learned no trade and being unused to manual labor, we soon found that it was impossible to get a job in the city; so we left our baggage at the boarding house and started on foot for a country place named Hamburg, some ten miles distant, where we learned that two of our late companions across the ocean had found employment. On the road to Hamburg, about dusk, we reached a small house by the wayside, where we asked for food and shelter. I was so exhausted that my friend had to support me in order to reach the house. We found it occupied by a Swedish family, which had just sat down to a bountiful supper. Telling them our condition, we were roughly told to clear out; in Sweden, they said, they had had enough of gentlemen and would have nothing to do with them here. We retraced our steps with sad hearts until a short distance beyond the house we found an isolated barn partly filled with hay. There was no one to object, so we took possession and made it our temporary home. I am glad to say that during a long life among all classes of people, from the rudest barbarians to the rulers of nations, that family of my own countrymen were the only people who made me nearly lose faith in the nobler attributes of man. I have an excuse, however, for this conduct in the fact that in the mother-country, which they had left a year before, they had probably been abused and exasperated on account of the foolish class distinction then existing there. They evidently belonged to that class of tenants - 15 - - 16 - - 17 - who were treated almost like slaves. The following day we found our late companions a mile from our barn, both working for a farmer at $15.00 per month, which was then considered big wages. They were older men and accustomed to hard labor, so that their situation was comparatively easy. They received us kindly and procured work for Eustrom with the same farmer, while I, still suffering with the ague, could not then attempt to work, and therefore returned to my castle in the meadow, (the hay-barn). There I remained about a week living on berries which I found in the neighboring woods and a slice of bread and butter, which Eustrom brought me in the evening, when with blistered hands and sore back, he called to comfort me and help build better air castles for the future. A council was finally held among us four, and it was decided to send me back to Buffalo with a farmer who was going there the following morning. One of the men Mr. Abraham Sandberg on parting gave me a silver dollar, with the injunction to give it to someone who might need it worse than I, whenever I could do so. I have never met Abraham since; but I have regarded it as a sacred duty to comply with his request, and, in case these lines should come before his eyes I wish to let him know that my debt has been honestly paid. On reaching the old boarding house in Buffalo the landlord promised that he would send me to a hospital where I could receive proper treatment and care. I made up a little bundle of necessary underwear, and in an hour a driver appeared at the door; I was lifted into the cart and off we went through the muddy streets to the outskirts of the city, where I was duly delivered at a large building which I supposed to be the hospital. It was near evening, and I was brought into a large dining-room, with a hundred others or more, served with supper, corn mush and molasses water, after which I was shown to a bed in a large room among many others. I suffered with fever, and for the first time in my life with loneliness. Exhausted nature finally took out its due, and I slept soundly until awakened in the morning by a loud sound of a gong. As soon as dressed I walked out in the yard, or lawn, back of the building. On one side was a high plank fence, behind which I heard some strange sounds. I found a knot-hole, and, peeping through this, I observed another lawn, on which were many people. They were strange looking; I never saw any like them before. Some were swinging, some dancing, others shouting, singing and weeping and behaving in a most out-of-the-way manner. I wondered and wondered, and finally it dawned upon me that it must be a lunatic asylum. It was, in fact, as I since learned, the county poor farm, where one part was used for the lunatics and the other for paupers like myself. Has it come to this? I asked myself; is this the goal of all my ambition and hopes? Going back to the room, where I had slept, I stealthily took my little bundle, slipped out through a side door into a back yard, found a gate open and was soon in the street. I started on a run with all the power in me, as if pursued by all the furies of paupers and lunatics, never stopping until I was near the old boarding house, where I was taken in exhausted and in deep despair. I would have killed the landlord for deceiving me if I had been able to do so. One good thing resulted from the sad experience of that day: the mental shock on discovering where I was, cured me for the time being of the ague. The next day my friend returned from Hamburg, where he could no longer get any employment on account of his blistered hands, and poor health in general. We now put our wise heads together and agreed that we had already had enough of the West for the time being. Having plenty of good clothes, bedding, revolvers and other knick-knacks, we sold to our landlord whatever we could spare, in order to raise money enough to pay our way back to Boston. During our stay in Buffalo, our renowned countrywoman, Jenny Lind, happened to give a concert there. We were standing on the street where we could see the people crowd into the theatre, but that was all we could afford, and we never heard her sing. Our host advised us to go and ask her for help; but our pride forbade it. At this time the Swedes were so little known, and Jenny Lind, on the other hand, so renowned in America, that the Swedes were frequently called “Jenny Lind men,” this designation being often applied to myself. Having purchased tickets for Albany, we returned East in the month of August. I still remember how we rode all night in a crowded second-class car, listening to the noisy merry-making of our fellow- passengers; but we understood very little of it, for up to this time we had lived exclusively among our own countrymen, and learned only a few English words—a mistake, by the way, which thousands of immigrants have made and are still making. Arriving at Albany, we sat down by an old stone wall near the railroad depot, to talk over our affairs. Fate had been against us while we remained together, and we probably depended too much upon each other. Accordingly, we decided to part for some time and try our luck separately; and if one of us met with success he would, of course, soon be able to find a position for the other. We decided by drawing lots that Eustrom should go to Boston and I to New York. When we had bought our tickets there remained one dollar, which we divided, and we left for our respective places of destination the same evening. - 18 - - 19 - - 20 - Our landlord in Buffalo had given us the address of a sailors’ boarding-house in New York, which was also kept by a Norwegian by the same name of Larson. So when I left the Hudson River steamer early the next morning, I paid my half-dollar to a drayman, who took me to said boarding house. I found Mr. Larson to be a kind, good-natured man, told him my difficulties right out, and asked him to let me stop at his house until I could find something to do. He agreed to this, and for a week or so I tried my best to get work. But, when asked what kind of work I could do, I was compelled to answer that I had learned no trade, but that I would gladly try to learn anything and do anything whatever, even sweep the streets, if necessary. As a result of my protracted sickness, I was so weak and exhausted that nobody thought I would be able even to earn my bread. As to easy or intellectual work, I had no earthly chance, as long as I did not know the English language. Finally Mr. Larson took me to a ship-owner’s office. I still remember that a Norwegian captain was cruel enough to remark in my hearing, that he did not intend to take any half-dead corpses along with him to sea. After two weeks of fruitless efforts to get work for me, my host finally declared that he could not very well keep me any longer, because his accommodations were crowded with paying customers; nevertheless, he allowed me to sleep in the attic free of charge, while I had to procure my food as best I could, which I also did for another two weeks. Being a convalescent, I had a ravenous appetite, and, indeed, I found how hard it is to obtain food without having anything to pay for it. Of the few articles of clothing which I brought with me from Buffalo, I had to sacrifice one after another for subsistence. When all other means were exhausted, I was compelled to go to the kitchen-doors and tell my desperate and unfortunate condition by signs, and more than one kind-hearted cook gave me a solid meal. Tramps! In our day there is a great deal of talk about tramps, and it has become customary, to brand as a tramp, any poor wandering laborer who seeks work. There are undoubtedly many who justly deserve this title; but I think there are tramps who are not to blame for their deplorable condition, and who deserve encouragement and friendly assistance, for I have been one of them myself, without any fault or neglect on my part. It always provokes me to hear a young or inexperienced person use the expression “tramp” so thoughtlessly, and in such a sweeping manner. Long ago I made up my mind that no tramp should ever leave my door without such aid as my resources would allow. It is better to give to a thousand undeserving, than to let one unfortunate but deserving suffer. My good host, like his Buffalo namesake, finally contrived to get rid of me by representing me as a sailor, and hiring me to the captain of the bark “Catherine,” a coasting vessel bound for Charleston, S. C., telling me that I was to serve as cabin boy. My wages were to be five dollars a month, of which he received seven dollars and a-half in advance, so that I could pay my debts and buy a sailor’s suit of clothes. On the second day of our voyage we encountered a storm. I was on deck with the sailors and the captain stood on the quarter-deck. We were coursing against the wind and were just going to turn when the captain called on me to untie some ropes. Understanding very little English, and being no sailor, I naturally knew nothing about the names of the different ropes, and I grabbed one after another, but invariably missed the right one. The captain was swearing with might and main in English. Seeing that I did not understand him he suddenly roared out angrily the name of the rope in good Swedish and added: “Do you understand me now, you confounded blockhead!” Turning to him, cap in hand, I answered: “No, captain, I do not know the name of a single rope.” “And still,” he continued “you have followed the sea three years, what a dunce you are.” I answered: “Indeed Mr. Captain, I have never been a sailor, and will never be worth anything at sea. But I am willing and anxious to do all you ask if within my power.” The captain, whose name was Wilson, was a Swedish American and, although somewhat gruff, he was in fact one of the noblest men who ever commanded a ship. He immediately saw how the...