OXFORD CLASSICAL MONOGRAPHS PublishedunderthesupervisionofaCommitteeoftheFaculty ofClassicsintheUniversityofOxford TheaimoftheOxfordClassicalMonographseries(whichreplacestheOxford ClassicalandPhilosophicalMonographs)istopublishbooksbasedonthebest thesesonGreekand Latinliterature,ancient history,and ancientphilosophy examinedbytheFacultyBoardofClassics. Religion and Society in Ancient Thessaly MARIA MILI 1 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries #MariaMili2015 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin2015 Impression:1 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable ISBN 978–0–19–871801–7 Printedandboundby CPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon,CR04YY LinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithand forinformationonly.Oxforddisclaimsanyresponsibilityforthematerials containedinanythirdpartywebsitereferencedinthiswork. Acknowledgements This book is a heavily reworked version of my D.Phil. thesis completed at OxfordUniversity.IamgratefultotheSwedishResearchCouncilforaward- ing me a postdoctoral scholarship, which gave me the initial boost and necessary sense of security to set out on the venture of rewriting. I am very thankful to Carole Gillis, Monica Nilsson, Eva Rystedt, and Pirkko Ukkonen forwelcomingmeatLund,andfortheirhospitality.Ihavevariousacademic debts I should acknowledge. Irene Lemos has been one of my most inspir- ationalteachers.SimonPrice’ssuggestionsaboutwhatIcouldchangeandadd to the thesis resonated with me as I became more and more involved in the project. Robin Osborne has had a key role. He oversaw this work at its very beginningandthenatitsveryend,andIamgratefultohimforhisinsightful suggestions.RobertParker,aboveall,haslivedwiththisbookformanyyears. Hisstablepresencethroughout,asthethesissupervisorandtheninformallyas an adviser, was pivotal for me. I am grateful to him for so patiently and skilfullyallowingmetolearnatmyownpace.Lastbutnotleast,Ifeelavery deepsenseofgratitudetoChristianeSourvinou-Inwood,whowastheexternal examiner of the thesis and warmly supported its publication. The impact of her work will be felt throughout. Her generosity, unconventional character, and straightforwardness recharged my failing courage even in her absence. I am also grateful to J.-C. Decourt, Catherine Morgan, and Nassos Papalex- androuforsendingmearticlesthatIcouldnototherwisegetholdof. Forthemostpart,however,thisbookwaswrittenathome.Itwasdebated, analysed, cursed, laughed over, and, alas, forgotten in view of more pressing matters in Athens’s unruly smoky cafes and desperate streets, over long conversations with folk in Ireland and America, during drives in the valley ofKnossos,andatmymum’sfestivetables.MatthewHaysomknowswellthat without him this book would not have been written. Katerina and Matina Anastopoulou,RaniaFounta,VanessaFountouli,AlinaHatzispyrou,Monica Hughes, Eleni Lianta, Vicky Panoutsakopoulou, Eleni Paraschopoulou, Rob Spittlehouse, Sofia Stavrianopoulou, Hedda von Ehrenheim, Jenny Wallen- sten,Voula,Nikos,andmum—thankyouforbeingtherewithme.Thisbook is dedicated to my dad who thought that, since Boukephalas came from Thessaly,itwasallfairenough. M.M. Contents ListofMaps ix Abbreviations xi 1. ThreeQuestionsforaRegionalStudyofReligion 1 1.1. RegionalStudiesofReligion:Questions,Structures,andTitles 1 1.2. DefiningtheUnitofAnalysis:PolisReligioninEthne? 6 1.3. DescribingDifference 12 1.4. AssessingtheEvidence 16 1.4.1a. InscribedSculptedDedications 17 1.4.1b. OtherDedications 30 1.4.2. VarietiesofReligiousSpace 37 1.5. AttheLimitsoftheEvidence:TheCaseofHera 46 2. OligarchicConstitutionandReligionintheThessalianPoleis 53 2.1. Religion,OligarchicCitizenshipandtheEthnos 53 2.2. TheGeneandPhratriesversus PhylaiControversy 60 2.3. CitizenshipinThessalianPoleis 69 2.3.1. PoliticalParticipationandCitizenship 69 2.3.2. Politeia,Politeuma,andAstosinThessalianInscriptions 71 2.4. TheSecondSex:WomeninThessalianSocietyandWorldView 79 2.5. ModelsofOligarchicConstitutionandReligioninthe ThessalianPoleis 85 3. PolisCults 99 3.1. QuestionsandDefinitions 99 3.2. CultsontheAcropolis 102 3.2.1. GuardingtheCity:theCultofAthenaPolias 104 3.2.2. KillingfortheCity?TheProblemofZeusThaulios 111 3.2.3. Acropolis’ViewsoftheCountryside:Dionysus, Demeter,andHeracles 114 3.3. CultsintheAgora 125 3.3.1. CultsintheAgora(s)ofAtrax:ThemisAgoraia, AthenaAgoraia,andOthers? 128 3.3.2. Hestia,PrivateClaimsattheCommonHearth 131 3.3.3. WhoseProfit?TheCultofApolloKerdoos 135 3.4. AroundtheWalls 140 3.4.1. TheCultofAsclepius 142 3.4.2. OntheRoad:theCultofEnnodia 147 3.5. Conclusions:PolisCultsofthe‘ThessalianPolis’ 158 viii Contents 4. ThessalythroughtheKaleidoscope 161 4.1. TheThessalianSpace-time 161 4.2. MythicalStructuresofThessalianGeography 165 4.3. HistoricalPerspectives:NewPeople,NewGods,NewCities 197 5. PanthessalianismandReligion 213 5.1. ThessalianUnityand‘EthnosReligion’ 213 5.2. WhoWeretheThessalians? 220 5.3. TheCultofAthenaItoniaandtheProblemofBeginnings 225 5.4. TheCultsofPoseidonPetraiosandZeusPelor(i)os: DifferentWaysofBeingThessalian 234 5.5. ThessalyandDelphi 241 5.6. CultsoftheThessaliansandTheirSyngeneis 247 5.7. PanthessalianismandReligion:UnderstandingVariety 254 6. TheLandRichinHerbs 259 6.1. WelcometoThessaly:Meadows,Horses,Parties,andHerbs! 259 6.2. ThessalianVisionsoftheUnderworld 268 6.3. Priests,CharlatansandCharismatics 285 6.4. TheEnchantmentofThessaly 295 Epilogue 301 Appendices 303 1. ThessalianInscribedDedications 303 2. Site-summariesofExcavatedThessalianSanctuaries 325 3. CatalogueofSocial/ReligiousGroupsAttestedinthe EpigraphicRecord 347 Bibliography 353 SubjectIndex 397 SelectIndexofSources 419 List of Maps Map1. Distributionofinscribeddedications 20 Map2. DistributionoflocatedsanctuariesinThessaly 41