Draft Import Risk Analysis Report for Fresh Apple Fruit from the United States of America Pacific Northwest States October 2009 © Commonwealth of Australia 2009 This work is copyright. You may download, display, print and reproduce this material in unaltered form only (retaining this notice) for your personal, non-commercial use or use within your organisation. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are reserved. Inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to Communications Manager, Biosecurity Services Group, or e-mailed to [email protected]. Cite this report as: Biosecurity Australia (2009). Draft import risk analysis report for fresh apple fruit from the United States of America Pacific Northwest states. Biosecurity Australia, Canberra. www.biosecurityaustralia.gov.au Disclaimer: The Australian Government acting through Biosecurity Australia has exercised due care and skill in preparing and compiling the information in this publication. Notwithstanding, Biosecurity Australia, its employees and advisers disclaim all liability to the maximum extent permitted by law, including liability for negligence, for any loss, damage, injury, expense or cost incurred by any person as a result of accessing, using or relying upon any of the information in this publication. Cover image: Apple in US orchard, photo by Biosecurity Australia Submissions This draft import risk analysis (IRA) report has been issued to give all interested parties an opportunity to comment and draw attention to any scientific, technical, or other gaps in the data, misinterpretations and errors. Any comments should be submitted to Biosecurity Australia within the comment period stated in the related Biosecurity Australia Advice on the Biosecurity Australia website. The draft IRA report will then be revised as necessary to take account of the comments received and a provisional final IRA report will be released at a later date. Comments on the draft IRA report should be submitted to: Office of the Chief Executive Biosecurity Australia GPO Box 858 CANBERRA ACT 2601 AUSTRALIA Telephone: +61 2 6272 5094 Facsimile: +61 2 6272 3307 Email: [email protected] Internet: www.biosecurityaustralia.gov.au Draft IRA Report: Fresh Apple Fruit from the US Pacific Northwest States Contents Contents Acronyms and abbreviations ..................................................................................x Abbreviations of units.............................................................................................xi Summary................................................................................................................xiii 1 Introduction....................................................................................................1 1.1 Australia’s biosecurity policy framework........................................................................1 1.2 This import risk analysis................................................................................................2 2 Method for pest risk analysis........................................................................5 2.1 Stage 1: Initiation...........................................................................................................5 2.2 Stage 2: Pest risk assessment......................................................................................6 2.3 Stage 3: Pest risk management..................................................................................13 3 The United States of America’s commercial production practices for apples......................................................................................................15 3.1 Assumptions used in estimating unrestricted risk.......................................................15 3.2 Climate in production areas.........................................................................................15 3.3 Pre-harvest..................................................................................................................15 3.4 Harvesting and handling procedures...........................................................................24 3.5 Post-harvest.................................................................................................................24 3.6 Export capability..........................................................................................................26 4 Pest risk assessments for quarantine pests.............................................29 Assessments for quarantine pests recorded in the PNW........................................................35 4.1 Fire blight.....................................................................................................................35 4.2 Flat scarlet mite...........................................................................................................38 4.3 Spider mites.................................................................................................................43 4.4 Apple curculio..............................................................................................................50 4.5 Apple leafcurling midge...............................................................................................56 4.6 Apple maggot...............................................................................................................58 4.7 Plant bugs....................................................................................................................65 4.8 Chaff scale...................................................................................................................73 4.9 Mealybugs...................................................................................................................77 4.10 Dock sawfly..................................................................................................................80 4.11 Leafroller moths...........................................................................................................86 4.12 Apple fruit moth...........................................................................................................94 4.13 Codling moth..............................................................................................................100 4.14 Grapholita moths.......................................................................................................103 v Draft IRA Report: Fresh Apple Fruit from the US Pacific Northwest States Contents 4.15 Lacanobia fruitworm..................................................................................................107 4.16 Thrips.........................................................................................................................114 4.17 Coprinus rot...............................................................................................................122 4.18 Apple blotch...............................................................................................................129 4.19 Sphaeropsis rot.........................................................................................................134 4.20 Hawthorn powdery mildew........................................................................................140 4.21 Bull’s eye rot..............................................................................................................145 4.22 Phacidiopycnis rot and speck rot...............................................................................151 4.23 European canker.......................................................................................................159 4.24 Mucor rot....................................................................................................................161 4.25 Black pox...................................................................................................................169 4.26 Apple scab.................................................................................................................174 4.27 Thread blight..............................................................................................................176 4.28 Gymnosporangium rust.............................................................................................181 4.29 Truncatella leaf spot..................................................................................................188 4.30 Tobacco necrosis viruses..........................................................................................192 4.31 Apple scar skin or dapple apple................................................................................200 Assessments for quarantine pests not recorded in the PNW................................................207 4.32 Blister spot.................................................................................................................207 4.33 Armoured scales........................................................................................................215 4.34 Mealybugs.................................................................................................................216 4.35 Leafroller moths.........................................................................................................217 4.36 European corn borer..................................................................................................218 4.37 Sooty blotch and flyspeck..........................................................................................226 4.38 Gymnosporangium rust.............................................................................................233 4.39 Pest risk assessment conclusions.............................................................................234 5 Pest risk management...............................................................................243 5.1 Pest risk management measures and phytosanitary procedures.............................243 5.2 Responsibility of competent authority........................................................................266 5.3 Review of processes.................................................................................................267 5.4 Uncategorised pests..................................................................................................267 6 Conclusion.................................................................................................268 Appendix A Initiation and categorisation for phytosanitary pests for mature fresh apple fruit from US.................................................270 Appendix B Additional quarantine pest data ..................................................379 Appendix C Biosecurity framework.................................................................399 Appendix D Responses to stakeholder submissions.....................................404 vi Draft IRA Report: Fresh Apple Fruit from the US Pacific Northwest States Contents Appendix E List of States of the United States of America ...........................408 Glossary................................................................................................................409 References............................................................................................................411 vii Draft IRA Report: Fresh Apple Fruit from the US Pacific Northwest States Tables and figures Tables Table 2.1 Nomenclature for qualitative likelihoods 9 Table 2.2 Matrix of rules for combining qualitative likelihoods 9 Table 2.3 Decision rules for determining the consequence impact score based on the magnitude of consequences at four geographic scales 11 Table 2.4 Decision rules for determining the overall consequence rating for each pest 12 Table 2.5 Risk estimation matrix 12 Table 3.1 Pest control program for apples recommended by Washington State University (Washington State University Extension 2009) 19 Table 3.2 Apple production in 2007 from the top fifteen US states 27 Table 4.1a Quarantine pests for apple fruit from the US Pacific Northwest states (Washington, Oregon and Idaho) 30 Table 4.1b Quarantine pests for apple fruit from the US, currently not recorded in the Pacific Northwest states (Washington, Oregon and Idaho)* 33 Table 4.2a Summary of unrestricted risk estimates for quarantine pests associated with mature fresh apple fruit from the US Pacific Northwest states 235 Table 4.2b Summary of unrestricted risk estimates for quarantine pests associated with mature fresh apple fruit from the US, currently not recorded in the Pacific Northwest states 240 Table 5.1 Phytosanitary measures proposed for quarantine pests, for mature fresh apple fruit from the US Pacific Northwest states 244 Figures Figure 1 Map of Australia ix Figure 2 A guide to Australia’s bio-climate zones ix Figure 3.1 Map showing the major apple production regions of the Pacific Northwest, the Yakima Valley, Wenatchee and the Columbia Basin of Washington State 17 Figure 3.2 Mean maximum and minimum temperatures and mean precipitation in major apple producing regions of the Pacific Northwest, based on average monthly data, sourced from the US Western Regional Climate Centre, recorded at A. Conconully (1948-2005), B. Wenatchee (1931-2005), C. Yakima (1946-2005) and D. Lind (1931-2005). Approximate locations for these weather stations are shown in Figure 3.1. 17 Figure 3.3 Map of the United States showing the major apple production states: Washington State, New York, Michigan, California, Pennsylvania and Virginia 27 viii Draft IRA Report: Fresh Apple Fruit from the US Pacific Northwest States Maps of Australia Figure 1 Map of Australia Figure 2 A guide to Australia’s bio-climate zones ix Draft IRA Report: Fresh Apple Fruit from the US Pacific Northwest States Acronyms and abbreviations Acronyms and abbreviations Term or abbreviation Definition ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics ACERA Australian Centre of Excellence for Risk Analysis ACT Australian Capital Territory ALOP Appropriate level of protection APAL Apple and Pear Australia Limited APHIS Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service APPD Australian Plant Pest Database (Plant Health Australia) AQIS Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service BA Biosecurity Australia BAA Biosecurity Australia Advice BSG Biosecurity Service Group CABI CAB International, Wallingford, UK CMI Commonwealth Mycological Institute CSIRO Commonwealth Science and Industry Research Organisation CT Concentration time DAFF Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry DAFWA Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia (formerly DAWA: Department of Agriculture, Western Australia) DPIW Department of Primary Industries and Water, Tasmania EP Existing policy EPPO European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAS The Foreign Agriculture Service in the United States Department of Agriculture IDM Integrated Disease Management IPC International Phytosanitary Certificate IPM Integrated Pest Management IPPC International Plant Protection Convention IRA Import Risk Analysis IRAAP Import Risk Analysis Appeals Panel ISPM International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures MOU Memorandum of Understanding NASS The National Agricultural Statistics Service in the United States Department of Agriculture NPPO National Plant Protection Organization NSW New South Wales NT Northern Territory OEPP Organisation européenne et méditerranéenne pour la protection des plantes PIAPH Product Integrity, Animal and Plant Health Division PIMC Primary Industries Ministerial Council PNW Pacific Northwest. Only the US Pacific Northwest states, i.e. Washington, Oregon and Idaho, are included in the scope of this IRA x