Regionalism and Globalism in Southeast Asia Eero Palmujoki Regionalism and Globalism in Southeast Asia Also by Eero Palmujoki VIETNAM AND THE WORLD: Marxist-Leninist Doctrine and the Changes in International Relations Regionalism and Globalism in Southeast Asia Eero Palmujoki Senior Fellow Tampere Peace Research Institute University of Tampere Finland * © Eero Palmujoki 2001 Softcover reprint of the bardeover Ist edition 200 1 978-0-333-734 77-3 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designsand Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2001 by PALGRAVE Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE is the new global academic imprint of St. Martin's Press LLC Scholarly and Reference Division and Palgrave Publishers Ltd (formerly Macmillan Press Ltd). ISBN 978-1-349-40808-5 ISBN 978-0-230-50469-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230504691 This book is printed an paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Palmujoki, Eero, 1958- Regionalism and globalism in Southeast Asia I Palmujoki, Eero. p. cm. lncludes bibliographical references and index. 1.Asia, Southeastern-Politics and government-1945- 2. Asia, Southeastern-Economic conditions. 3. Regionalism -Asia, Southeastern. I. Title. JQ750.A58 P35 2001 327'.0959-dc21 2001034817 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10 09 OB 07 06 OS 04 03 02 01 Contents Acknowledgements vii Abbreviations ix 1 Introduction: Analyzing Southeast Asian Regionalist Efforts 1 New Regionalism and the Regionalist Debate 1 Theoretical Patterns of Southeast Asian Regionalist Discourse 3 Regionalist Discourse in Political Context: A Historical Perspective 16 Academic and Political Discourse on Southeast Asian Regionalism: Some Conclusions 30 PART I THE PRINCIPLES OF ASEAN'S INTERSTATE RELATIONS IN PRACTICE 33 2 Widening or Deepening Regional Cooperation? 35 Taking the Political Approach: ASEAN and the New Members 38 The Rationality of Intra-ASEAN Economic Cooperation 50 3 Regionalism and Security in Southeast Asia 62 The Concept of Security in ASEAN 63 Extending the ASEAN Conflict Management Mechanism 67 Realists, the ARF and China in the Southeast Asian Power Equation 76 PART II REGIONAL RESPONSES TO GLOBAL CHALLENGES 79 4 ASEAN in the Asia-Pacific Context 81 ASEAN and East Asia: The EAEC and Beyond 82 Characterizing ASEAN's Role in the Asia-Pacific Context 88 APEC and ASEAN 92 v VI Contents 5 ASEAN and the EU: Politico-ideological Conflict and Economic Necessities 98 Introduction 98 Southeast Asian and European Institutionalist Ideas in Agenda-Setting 99 The EU's Asia Strategy and ASEAN 101 ASEAN's Regionalism and the EU 105 From the EU-ASEAN Dialogue to the Asia-Europe Meeting 109 PART III SOUTHEAST ASIAN REGIONALISM AFTER THE ASIAN ECONOMIC CRISIS 117 6 The Asian Economic Crisis, the Southeast Asian Countries and ASEAN 119 The East Asian Miracle and Southeast Asian Regionalism 119 From Currency Crisis to Political Crises 122 The Asian Crisis, Regionalism and the Southeast Asian Model 128 7 Global Governance and Regionalist Solutions 141 Economic Regimes and the Southeast Asian Countries 141 Southeast Asian Political Crises, Global Interventions and Regional Approaches 154 8 Southeast Asian Regionalist Trends in the Beginning of the New Millennium 165 The Legacy of the 1990s 165 Post-Crisis Institutionalism and Functionalism 167 ASEAN and East Asian Integration 170 ASEAN and the Environment: from Trade Issues to Sustainable Development 172 ASEAN and the NGOs: Regionalism from Below 175 9 Conclusion: Southeast Asian Regionalism: Old or New? 178 Notes and References 186 Bibliography 204 Index 219 Acknowledgements This study is an outcome of several research projects carried out at the Department of Political Science and International Relations and at the Tampere Peace Research Center (TAPRI) within the University of Tampere. The main sources of funding have been three research projects sponsored by the Academy of Finland, namely: "Regionalism and globalism in Southeast Asia", "Regionalism, globalism and the development of the inter-state system in Southeast Asia" and "The Regional and local policy impacts of the global environmental and climate regimes". The initiative for the research originated in 1996 from the Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs, which made it possible to start the project and supported it during the entire research period. A senior fellowship at TAPRI enabled me to finalise this book. Owing to these three projects, several persons have inspired the ideas for my study. Inevitably, the book includes thoughts and views of my colleagues in our Southeast Asia project: Annamari Antikainen-Kokko, Janne Jokinen, Anisa Doty and Teemu Tuominen. Although the project was sometimes difficult to administer, the effort as such was stimulating, operating among three universities (Universities of Tampere, Turku and Abo Akademi University) and three departments. In addition, with the particular support of the Foreign Ministry, it differed from more conventional academic research projects. Indeed, the interests and support of the Foreign Ministry staff for our network were very important. Hannu Mantyvaara and Mikko Jokela flexibly connected the need for policy information to academic interests and Paula Parviainen and Markku Heiskanen, among many other officials at the Foreign Ministry, gave an important practical policy perspective on Southeast Asian affairs. The research project included three research trips to Southeast Asia. I am indebted to several colleagues and friends in Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand for their hospitality and help. Here I would also like to thank: Miriam Coronel Ferrer, Derek da Cunha, Jalil Mis wardi and Hong Chee, Suthiphand Chirathivat, Yupin Chancharoensin and Yeo Lay Hwee. I would particularly like to mention the help of librarians at the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies in Singapore, at the library of Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok and at the Institute of Strategic and International Studies in Kuala Lumpur. vn Vlll A cknowledgements I have also received important practical help in my research. Riitta Lehtimaki at the Department of Political Science and International Relations has patiently administrated my projects and Erja Ylajarvi collected material on the Asian economic crisis. Joan Lofgren, Virginia Mattila and Tina Parke-Sutherland did a lot of work in editing my English. Finally, Marita Alanko professionally prepared the manuscript for the publisher. To carry out an academic research project is often a stressful job of combining intellectual intentions and financial realities. I am thankful to my wife, Sirkku, for understanding this insecurity. I am also very much obliged to my colleagues at the Department of Political Science for their support: Pertti Lappalainen, Juha Holma, Tarja Seppa, TapaniTurkka and Pekka Virtanen, from whom, I am afraid, I have got more than I have given. A part of the material presented in this book has appeared in other publications. The earlier version of the first chapter, "Integration and Fragmentation in Southeast Asian Regionalist Discourse", was published previously in a Special Issue of the Journal of the Finnish Anthropological Society, Volume 25 No. 2 (June 2000), pp. 76-88 and a shorter version of Chapter Five has appeared as "EU-ASEAN Relations: Reconciling Two Different Agendas" in Contemporary Southeast Asia, Volume 19, No. 3, December 1997, pp. 269-285. Reproduced here with the kind permission of the publisher, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore. Abbreviations ACU ASEAN Currency Unit ADB Asian Development Bank ADS ASEAN Document Series AEM ASEAN Economic Ministers (meeting) AFMM ASEAN Finance Minister's Meeting AFTA ASEAN Free Trade Area AIA ASEAN Investment Area AIPO ASEAN Inter-parliamentary Organization AMM ASEAN Ministerial Meeting APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ARF ASEAN Regional Forum ASCU ASEAN Surveillance Coordinating Unit ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEAN-ISIS ASEAN Institutes ofStrategic and International Studies ASEM Asia-Europe Meeting ASEP ASEAN Subregional Environment Program ASFOM ASEAN Senior Finance Official's Meeting ASTSU ASEAN Surveillance Technical Support Unit CBM Confidence-building measure CDC Committee on Development and Cooperation (the EU Parliament) CEER Committee on External Economic Relations (the EU Parliament) CEPHCP Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Consumer Protection (the EU Parliament) CEPT Common Effective Preferential Tariff CER Closer Economic Relations (between Australia and New Zealand) CFSP (European Union's) common foreign and security policy CLOB Central Limited Order Book CSCA Conference on Security Cooperation in Asia CSCAP Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific CSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe EAEC East Asian Economic Caucus EAEG East Asian Economic Grouping EC European Community EEC European Economic Community IX