Recycling and Reusing of Engineering Materials This page intentionally left blank Recycling and Reusing of Engineering Materials Recycling for Sustainable Developments Waseem S. Khan Engineering Technology & Science, Faculty of Engineering, Fujairah Men’s College, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates Eylem Asmatulu Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, United States Md. Nizam Uddin Department of Engineering and Physics, Texas A&M University-Texarkana, Texarkana, TX, United States Ramazan Asmatulu Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, United States Elsevier Radarweg29,POBox211,1000 AEAmsterdam,Netherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA 02139,UnitedStates Copyright©2022 ElsevierInc.Allrights reserved. Nopart ofthispublicationmaybereproduced ortransmittedinany formorbyany means,electronic or mechanical,including photocopying,recording,or anyinformation storageandretrievalsystem, without permissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Details onhowtoseek permission, furtherinformation aboutthe Publisher’spermissions policies andourarrangements withorganizations suchastheCopyrightClearance CenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. Thisbookandtheindividual contributionscontainedinitareprotectedunder copyrightbythePublisher (otherthanasmaybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging. Asnewresearch andexperience broaden ourunderstanding, changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,or medicaltreatment maybecome necessary. Practitionersandresearchers mustalwaysrelyontheirown experienceandknowledgeinevaluating and usingany information,methods,compounds,orexperiments describedherein.In usingsuchinformation ormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafety andthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhom theyhaveaprofessional responsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors, contributors, oreditors,assume any liabilityforany injuryand/ordamagetopersonsorproperty asamatterofproductsliability,negligenceor otherwise,orfromany useoroperation ofany methods,products, instructions,or ideascontainedinthe materialherein. ISBN:978-0-12-822461-8 Forinformation onallElsevierpublications visitourwebsite athttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:SusanDennis Acquisitions Editor:AnitaKoch EditorialProjectManager: KathrineEsten ProductionProjectManager: SruthiSatheesh CoverDesigner: VictoriaPearson TypesetbyTNQTechnologies Contents 1. Introduction 1 1. Introduction 1 2. Market analysis of recycled materials 22 3. Conclusions 23 References 23 2. Environmental impacts of recycling 27 1. Introduction 27 2. Toxic materials and sources 28 3. Heavy metals 29 4. Heavy metals and their toxicity mechanisms 30 5. Toxic compounds 36 6. Handling of toxic materials 36 7. Storing toxic materials 39 8. Transporting toxic materials 40 9. Reusing toxic materials 42 10. Conclusions 44 References 44 3. Wet and dry recycling processes 49 1. Introduction 49 2. Dry recycling processes 51 3. Wet recycling processes 60 v vi Contents 4. Conclusions 66 References 66 4. Recycling and reusing of papers 69 1. Introduction 69 2. Paper recycling facts 73 3. Processing of recycled paper 75 4. Properties of fibers from recovered paper 76 5. Paper aging and degradation 78 6. Hazardous substance in recycled paper 79 7. Conclusions 80 References 81 5. Recycling and reusing of construction materials 85 1. Introduction 85 2. Waste materials in construction 87 3. Construction waste recycling 90 4. Construction waste minimization 100 5. Conclusions 101 References 102 6. Recycling and reusing of glasses and ceramics 105 1. Introduction 105 2. Glass recycling facts 106 3. Glass recycling statistics 107 4. Glass and ceramic recycling: challenges and opportunities 107 5. Processing of recycled glasses and ceramics 110 Contents vii 6. Advantages and disadvantages of recycling glass and ceramics 113 7. Advanced uses of recycled glasses and ceramics 115 8. Conclusions 116 References 116 7. Recycling and reusing of polymers and plastics 119 1. Introduction 119 2. Hierarchy of waste management 121 3. Mechanical and chemical recycling 123 4. Applications of recycled thermoplastics 136 5. Conclusions 137 References 138 8. Recycling and reusing of thermoplastic and thermoset composites 141 1. Introduction 141 2. Recycling techniques for thermoset and thermoplastic 142 3. Literature review 145 4. Recent recycling results and discussion 153 5. Conclusions 159 References 160 9. Recycling and reusing of metals and alloys 163 1. Introduction 163 2. Processes for recycling scrap ferrous materials 167 3. Relationship between recycling and environment 174 4. New establishments 175 viii Contents 5. Conclusions 176 References 177 10. Recycling and reusing of nonferrous metals 181 1. Introduction 181 2. Technology for recycling nonferrous metals 183 3. Benefit of recycling and reusing nonferrous metals 184 4. Recycling strategy of some nonferrous metals 188 5. Conclusions 193 References 194 11. Recycling of electronic wastes 197 1. Introduction 197 2. Human toxicity of hazardous substances in e-waste 200 3. Environmental impacts of e-waste through treatment processes 201 4. Landfill disposal 201 5. Recycling of e-waste 202 6. Mechanical recycling techniques 204 7. Electromechanical separation process 205 8. Chemical recycling techniques 207 9. Thermal recycling processes 208 10. Conclusions 209 References 209 12. Recycling and reusing of used lubricating oils 213 1. Introduction 213 2. Recycling of used oil 222 Contents ix 3. Conclusions 231 References 232 13. Recycling and reusing of aircraft 233 1. Introduction 233 2. Recent progress in aircraft recycling 235 3. Aircraft Fleet Recycling Association 237 4. Process of advanced management of end-of-life aircraft 239 5. Aircraft materials and parts 241 6. Economy and social impacts 248 7. Challenges for cost-effective recycling 250 8. Impacts from different perspectives 251 9. Conclusions 252 References 253 14. Applications of nanotechnology in recycling 255 1. Introduction 255 2. Safety concerns of nanotechnology and recycling 260 3. Recycling of nanomaterials 265 4. Conclusions 271 References 271 Further reading 274 15. Treatment of radioactive waste 275 1. Introduction 275 2. Types of nuclear wastes 276 3. Effects of radioactive waste 278