SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science Priyan Perera · Sumudu Marasinghe Greg D. Simpson · David Newsome Recreational Disturbance of Shorebirds in Tropical Asia SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science SpringerBriefsinEnvironmentalSciencepresentconcisesummariesofcutting-edge researchandpractical applications across awidespectrum ofenvironmentalfields, with fast turnaround time to publication. Featuring compact volumes of 50 to 125 pages, the series covers a range of content from professional to academic. MonographsofnewmaterialareconsideredfortheSpringerBriefsinEnvironmental Scienceseries. 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Simpson David Newsome Recreational Disturbance of Shorebirds in Tropical Asia PriyanPerera SumuduMarasinghe DepartmentofForestryand DepartmentofForestryand EnvironmentalScience EnvironmentalScience UniversityofSriJayewardenepura UniversityofSriJayewardenepura Nugegoda,SriLanka Nugegoda,SriLanka GregD.Simpson DavidNewsome HarryButlerInstitute,Centrefor EnvironmentalandConservationSciences, SustainableAquaticEcosystems CollegeofScience,Health,Engineeringand MurdochUniversity Education Perth,WA,Australia MurdochUniversity Perth,WA,Australia ISSN2191-5547 ISSN2191-5555 (electronic) SpringerBriefsinEnvironmentalScience ISBN978-3-031-13967-3 ISBN978-3-031-13968-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13968-0 ©TheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseof illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface Coastalenvironmentssuchasestuaries,mangroves,mudflats,rockybeaches,sandy shorelines, seagrass beds, and other coastal wetlands provide significant and irre- placeablehabitatthatresidentandmigratoryspeciesofshorebirdsdependonassites forresting,feeding,andbreeding.Sincethemid-twentiethcentury,however,coastal development and reclamation have contributed to the loss of shorebird habitat, resultingindecliningfoodresourcesandreducedsuitabilityofstagingandbreeding sites.Inaddition,thedevelopmentofbeachresortsandotherinfrastructuretoservice the increasing popularity of coastal recreation and accelerating global demand at marine tourism destinations has created significant additional pressures on coastal ecosystemsandshorebirdsoverthepastfewdecades. Muchofthatgrowingdemandforcoastalrecreationandtourismhasfocusedon countries in South and Southeast Asia in the tourism megaregion that this book referstoasTropicalAsia.Assuch,therecreationaldisturbanceofshorebirdsinAsia is a serious conservation issue, at a time when populations of both migratory and non-migratoryspeciesofshorebirdsarethreatenedanddecliningbecauseoftheloss ofcoastalhabitatandincreasedhumandisturbance.Despiteglobalawarenessabout theimpactsthatthegrowthofcoastalrecreationandtourismacrossTropicalAsiais likely tobehaving onthreatened andendangeredmigratoryandresident shorebird speciesofthecoastalzonesoftheEastAsian–AustralasianFlyway,lessthan3%of thepublishedpeer-reviewedresearchintotherecreationaldisturbanceofshorebirds addresses coastal zones of Tropical Asia. This situation points to a significant knowledge gap regarding the impacts of human recreation on shorebirds in the TropicalAsianregion.Incontrast,almostthreequartersofthepeer-reviewedarticles that report recreational disturbance research and management strategies focus on coastalzonesinNorthAmerica(36%),Oceania(20%),andEurope(20%).Forthose reasons, the quantitative systematic literature review and research case study from v vi Preface Sri Lanka reported in this book provide a call to action and recommendations for bothmanagementapproachesgroundedintheinternationalliteratureandaresearch agendathatshouldbeimplementedinthecoastalzonesofTropicalAsia. Nugegoda,SriLanka PriyanPerera Nugegoda,SriLanka SumuduMarasinghe Perth,WA,Australia GregD.Simpson Perth,WA,Australia DavidNewsome Acknowledgments This book arose from the work on recreational management in coastal wetlands initiated by the first editor’s research group at the Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka. We thank theNationalResearchCouncil,SriLanka(GrantNRC16-128)andtheUniversityof Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka (Grant ASP/01/RE/SCI/2019/24) for the financial support that aided the development of publication of this book. The Center for Sustainability, Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, University of SriJayewardenepura,SriLanka,andMurdochUniversity,Perth,WesternAustralia, alsoprovidedadministrativeandtechnicalassistancetothiswork. vii Contents 1 AnIntroductiontoShorebirdsandRecreationinCoastalZones. . . . . 1 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2 InterrogatingtheRecreationalDisturbanceLiterature. . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.2 PerformingtheSystematicReview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 12 2.2.1 ReportingQuantitativeValuesandStatistical Relationships. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.2.2 DefiningtheRegionofTropicalAsia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.3 OutcomesoftheSystemicReview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.3.1 GeographicSpanofIncludedArticles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.3.2 RateofPublicationandFocusofResearch. . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.3.3 SourcesofRecreationalDisturbance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.3.4 TheEffectsofRecreationalDisturbances. .. . . . . . . . .. . . . 25 2.4 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3 TheImpactfromMotorizedRecreationalVehicleTraffic onCoastalWaterbirds:ACaseStudyfromSriLanka. . . . . . . . . . . . 41 3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 3.2 StudyBackground. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.3 StudySites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.4 Methods. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . 44 3.4.1 StudyingtheImpactofRecreationalDisturbancefrom MotorizedVehicleTrafficonHabitatUseofWaterbirds. . . 45 3.4.2 StudyingtheImpactofRecreationalDisturbancefrom MotorizedVehicleTrafficontheBehaviorofWaterbirds. . . 46 3.5 FindingsoftheStudy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.5.1 SelectedSpeciesfortheStudy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.5.2 RecreationalDisturbanceonHabitatUseofWaterbirds. . . . 48 3.5.3 RecreationalDisturbanceontheBehaviorofWaterbirds. . . 51 ix x Contents 3.6 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 4 TheImpactofPedestriansonShorebirds:ACaseStudy fromSriLanka. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 4.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 4.2 StudyBackground. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 4.3 FieldTechniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 4.3.1 ObservationalStudy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 70 4.3.2 ExperimentalStudy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 4.3.3 DataAnalysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 4.4 StudyFindings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 4.4.1 ObservationsonBirdResponsestoPedestrians. . . . . . . . . . 71 4.4.2 ImpactofDistancefromtheDisturbance(Pedestrians) onAgitationProbabilityofCoastalBirds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 4.5 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 5 OverviewofManagementStrategiesandConsiderations fortheFuture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 5.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 5.2 RecommendationsfromtheGlobalLiterature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 5.3 ManagementRecommendationsfortheTropicalAsianRegion. . . . 80 5.4 ConsiderationsfortheFuture. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . 85 5.5 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Appendixies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 AppendixA:IncludedArticles.. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . 91 AppendixB:IncludedArticlesbySourceofDisturbance. . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 AppendixC:IncludedArticlesbyBehaviorofFourMostReported SourcesofRecreationalDisturbance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 AppendixD:IncludedArticlesbyImpactofFourMostReported SourcesofRecreationalDisturbanceonReproductiveSuccess. . . . . . . . . 96