Springer Proceedings in Physics 12 Springer Proceedings in Physics Managing Editor: H. K. V. Lotsch Volume 1 Fluctuations and Sensitivity in Nonequilibrium Systems Editors: W. Horsthemke and D. K. Kondepudi Volume 2 EXAFS and Near Edge Structure 11/ Editors: K. O. Hodgson, B. Hedman, and J. E. Penner-Hahn Volume 3 Nonlinear Phenomena in Physics Editor: F. Claro Volume 4 Time-Resolved Vibrational Spectroscopy Editors: A. Laubereau and M. Stockburger Volume 5 Physics of Finely Divided Matter Editors: N. Boccara and M. Daoud Volume 6 Aerogels Editor: J. Fricke Volume 7 Nonlinear Optics: Materials and Devices Editors: C. Flytzanis and J. L. Oudar Volume 8 Optical Bistability 11/ Editors: H. M. Gibbs, P. Mandel, N. Peyghambarian, and S. D. Smith Volume 9 Ion Formation from Organic Solids (lFOS 11/) Editor: A. Benninghoven Volume 10 Atomic Transport and Defects in Metals by Neutron Scattering Editors: C. Janot, W. Petry, D. Richter, and T. Springer Volume 11 Biophysical Effects of Steady Magnetic Fields Editors: N. Boccara, G. Maret, and J. Kiepenheuer Volume 12 Quantum Optics IV Editors: J. D. Harvey and D. F. Walls Volume 13 The Physics and Fabrication of Microstructures and Microdevices Editors: M.J.Kelly and C.Weisbuch Springer Proceedings in Physics is a new series dedicated to the publication of conference proceedings. Each volume is produced on the basis of camera-ready manuscripts prepared by conference contributors. In this way, publication can be achieved very soon after the conference and costs are kept low;the quality of visual presentation is, nevertheless, very high. We believe that such a series is preferable to the method of publishing conference proceedings in journals, where the typesetting requires time and considerable expense. and results in a longer publication period. Springer Proceedings in Physics can be considered as a journal in every other way: it should be cited in publications of research papers as Springer Proc. Phys., followed by the respective volume number, page number and year. Quantum Optics IV Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium, Hamilton, NewZealand February 10-15, 1986 Editors: J. D. Harvey and D. F. Walls With 101 Figures Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Professor John D. Harvey University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, NewZealand Professor Daniel F. Walls Department of Physics, University of Waikato, Hamilton, NewZealand ISBN-13: 978-3-642-71409-2 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-71407-8 001: 10.1007/978-3-642-71407-8 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned. specifically those oftranslation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. Under§ 54 olthe Genman Copyright Law where copies are madeforotherthan private use, a fee ispayableto "VerwertungsgeselischaftWort", Munich. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1986 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1986 The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and there fore free for general use. Preface This volume contains notes based on the lectures delivered at the fourth New Zealand Symposium in Laser Physics, held at the University of Waikato, Hamilton, February 10-15, 1986. At this meeting, about 80 physicists work ing in many parts of the world met to discuss topics of current interest in contemporary laser physics and quantum optics. These symposia, which have been held triennially since 1977, have evolved into an important meet ing ground for experimentalists and theoreticians working in a very rapidly developing field. As the format has evolved, the number of participants, in cluding the number from overseas, has grown steadily, and this year a poster session was included for the first time, enabling a far greater range of topics to be discussed than was possible in the limited lecture time available. At this meeting the major interest of the participants concerned the the oretical investigation of squeezed states of the radiation field and the very recently reported experimental observations of such states. Other related ar eas of work reported here include bistability and chaotic behaviour of optical systems, the quantum theory of measurements, optical tests of general rel ativity, and the current technological limitations governing the stabilization of lasers. The editors would like to thank the participants for providing detailed notes for publication shortly after the meeting, and the various organisa tions that have provided financial support. These include the New Zealand Institute of Physics, the Royal Society of New Zealand, the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics, the British Council, the University of Waikato, and the following companies: Coherent Radiation, Quentron Optics Pty, Burleigh Instruments, and Melles Griot. The continuing success of these meetings has established them as triennial events, and we look forward to another stimulating meeting in 1989. Hamilton, New Zealand D.F. Walls J.D. Harvey March 1986 v Contents Part I Squeezed States of Light Penetrating the Quantum Limit: The Experimentalists' View By M.D. Levenson and R.M. Shelby (With 10 Figures) ................ 2 Inhibition of Atomic Phase Decays by Squeezed Light: A Direct Effect of Squeezing. By C. W. Gardiner ................................. 13 Broadband Squeezing By C.M. Caves and B.L. Schumaker (With 1 Figure) .................. 20 Theory of Squeezed Light Generation By M.D. Reid, A. Lane, and D.F. Walls (With 10 Figures) ............ 31 Experimental Studies of Squeezed-State Generation by Four-Wave Mixing in an Optical Cavity By B. Yurke and R.E. Slusher (With 6 Figures) ........................ 46 Intracavity Frequency Doubling for the Generation of Squeezed States of Light. By H.J. Kimble and J.L. Hall (With 6 Figures) .............. 58 Quantum Noise in Homodyne Detection By R. Loudon (With 6 Figures) .......................................... 70 Oversqueezing Via Fourth-Order Interaction. By P. Tombesi .......... 81 Photodetection and Induced Squeezing. By P.D. Drummond.......... 90 Generation of Squeezed States: Rydberg Atoms in a High Q Cavity By B.J. Dalton (With 5 Figures) ........................................ 99 Part II Optical Bistability and Chaos Single- and Multimode Instabilities in Lasers By H. Risken (With 8 Figures) .......................................... 110 Ordered and Chaotic Response of a Modulated or Driven NMR Laser By E. Brun, B. Derighetti, M. Ravani, G. Broggi, P. Meier, R. Stoop, and R. Badii (With 9 Figures) ........................................... 119 VII Bistable Operation of an Infrared Dye Laser By J.D. Harvey, A. Seilmeier, and H. Roskos (With 2 Figures) ........ 134 Intrinsic Optical Bistability By C.M. Bowden (With 3 Figures) ...................................... 139 Chaos in Simple Quantum Systems By W.C. Schieve and T.Y. Petrosky 151 Part III Fundamental Problems in Quantum Mechanics Are There Quantum Jumps? By A. Schenzle, R.G. DeVoe, and R.G. Brewer (With 3 Figures) 162 Modified Optical Bloch Equations for Solids By P.R. Berman and R.G. Brewer....................................... 168 Ground State Photons Dressing Atoms and Molecules By F. Persico, G. Compagno, and R. Passante.......................... 172 Overdamping and Quasi Quantum Nondemolition Measurements By F. Haake and D.F. Walls............................................. 181 First Order Coherence of Vacuum Fluctuations: Optical Pumping Experiments in Presence of Electromagnetic Boundaries By F. De Martini and G. Innocenti (With 5 Figures) .................. 188 Rydberg States in Laser Fields: Wave Packets and Near-Threshold Phenomena. By P. Zoller, G. Alber, and H. Ritsch (With 6 Figures). 200 Squeezing in the Degenerate Parametric Oscillator Using the Positive P-Representation By H.J. Carmichael and M. Wolinsky (With 4 Figures) ................ 208 Quantum Brownian Motion: Recent Developments By A.O. Caldeira (With 3 Figures) ...................................... 221 Quantum and Many-Body Effects in a Compton Regime Free-Electron Laser. By M. Orszag (With 4 Figures) .................................. 232 Time-Symmetric Electrodynamics and Quantum Measurement By D.T. Pegg (With 2 Figures) .......................................... 245 Part IV Optical Tests of General Relativity and Other Contributions Quantum-Noise Quenching in Correlated Spontaneous Emission Lasers, and Their Application to High-Precision Measurements By J. Gea-Banacloche and M.O. Scully ................................ 254 VII' Ring Interferometric Tests of Nonclassical Gravitational Effects By GoEo Stedman 259 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000.0.0. 00.0. Fluorescence Enhancement of Rhodamine 6G Molecules in Ti0 2 Semiconductor Colloid. By Bo Zhang and C. Zunsheng ................ 267 Stabilizing Lasers for Applications in Quantum Optics By JoL. Hall (With 7 Figures) ............................................ 273 Index of Contributors ....... 285 0 0 ••••••••••••••••••• 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • IX Part I Squeezed States of Light Penetrating the Quantum Limit: The Experimentalists' View M.D. Levenson and R.M. Shelby IBM Almaden Research Laboratory, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, CA 95120, USA o. Introduction For someone concerned with the sensitivity or precision of a measurement, achieving the standard quantum limit has been considered the ultimate challenge. Around 1975, several theoreticians suggested that the standard quantum limit was not in fact a fundamental consequence of the uncertainty principle, and that quantum states existed which allowed more accurate measurements than had previously been thought possible [11. They even suggested some plausible methods for generating certain of these states, now generally termed "squeezed states," and defined detection techniques which would demonstrate the noise reduction. Experimentalists reacted to these early insights with apathy, cynicism and outright disbelief, but the need to make ever more subtle measurements and the hope for new discoveries would not go away [2). After about seven years, some of us began exploring what could be done in the laboratory -rather than what could be done in principle [3). As in all new endeavors, the experimentalists were confronted by a number of difficulties which could (usually) be overcome or circumvented. In this paper, we will discuss these difficulties and our conquest of them or lack there of. 1. First Difficulty: Understanding What The Theoreticians Are Talking About I am not sure how theorists visualize light. Their results in quantum optics tend to be phrased in terms of correlation functions and to look like [4): (1) To an experimentalist, a light wave is a sinusoidal electric field: E = El cos wt + ~ sin wt where the quantities El and E2 are called quadrature amplitudes. These "quadrature amplitudes" can be portrayed as axes of a two-dimensional map or "phasor diagram" and any state of the field can be specified on such a map. In classical physics, both quadrature amplitudes can be exactly specified, and thus, a state of the field corresponds to a single point. Figure 1 shows the classical state of Athens on such a map. The amplitude of a classical state is the vector from the origin to the point specifying the state. The phase is the angle of that vector with respect to the El axis. The two quadrature amplitudes are the projections of the vector on the two axes. In quantum mechanics, the quadrature amplitudes are conjugate operators, and thus the Heisenberg Uncertainty principle prevents them both being specified exactly. Thus a modern quantum state must be portraye~ as a region on the map with an uncertain border. Figure 2 shows the quantum state of Texas along with a theoretician's impression of that state. Such a state still has an average amplitude, average quadrature amplitudes and an average phase, but all of these quantities also have non-zero mean square deviations from the average values. 2