Index 743 Abortion, Advertising regulation—cont Germany, 153 charities law, influer Abuse of power, codes, 9 ymumon law, 455-466 complaints to A.S.A employment law, 455—466 nature of, 455 Abuse of process, adminstration of justice local governme striking out, 533 misleading {| Access to justice, See Woolf Report Molony Committee Administration of justice, non-conumerci abuse of process, 433 ensiveness, civil procedure, 532 political objects, 615-622 contempt of court, 329 political arties, 9 Court Service, 533-534 privacy criminal justice system, delay Royal family Crown Prosecution Service, self-regulation, 12 custody, time spent in, 174-17 shock tactics, 1U delay in criminal justice system, 32‘ trade desriptions, 9 departure from previous decisions Advertising Standards Authority, 9, 10,12 fees, 328-329, 533, 704 Advice, negligent, 557 freemasonry, 534 Affirmative action, immunity, judicial, 175, 704 ivil rights and, 43 judicial statistics, 705 onstitutional status, judiciary, See Judiciary European law, juror, < ontempt of court, State controlled Justices of the Peace, 5 39 U.S. Supreme Court, in legal aid. See Legal aid AIDS sufferer, removal of, 5 miscarriages of justice, 328 Alcohol confiscation, 541 press activity, 329 Allan, previous decisions, departure from, 174 rule of law, 481-484 removal of judge, 174 Alternative dispute resolution, Solicitor-General, 704 sex discrimination. See Sex discrimination time spent in custody, 174-175 Appointment of judiciary, 175, 534 Adminstrative law, Appraisal, consensus politics, 245-249, 256 judiciary, 175 decline of parliament, 250-252 Armed forces, European Court of Justice, 261 Germany, 149 New Public Management, 246 human rights, 185 process model, 253-254 monitoring ethnic origin, 178 reinventing, 245-261 Arrest, powers of, values in, 256-260 freedom of person, 182 Administrative procedures, Asylum, delay in, 159-173. See also Delay alternative remedies, 545-546 Parliamentary Commissioner on, 159 assistance to, 546 j Advertising regulation, 9-12 Conseil d’Etat, decisions of, 199-201 Advertising Standards Authority, 9, 10, designated countries, 188 British Codes of Practice, 12 fast track appeals, 187 [1997] PL. © Sweet & MAXWELL AND CONTRIBUTORS 744 Index Asylum—cont. ‘ode of Practic e, housing, 335 disability discrimination, 178 payments to asylum seekers, 713 ‘ollateral challenge to, primary purpose rule, 546 enforcement decisions, 365-370 safe third countries, 337-338 -ommon law, social security, 394-399 abuse of power, 455-466 ultra vires and, 394-399 ommonwealth, Attorney-General, Bill of Rights, 96-112 functions, 91—92 extradition, 540 independance, 92 parl} iamentary sovereignty, 96-112 role of, 91-92 politicisation of judiciary, 106-111 Audit, ommunity law, resource accounting, 441 misfeasance in public office and breach of, Australia, 39-42 parliamentary sovereignty, ompentinon ll aw, sex discrimination, 298-299 Conseil d’Etat, decisions of, 559-560 Concessionary tees, d1i; scrimination, 177 Bahamas, onduct, death penalty, 187 civil service, 183 Bias, appearance of, 549 legal profession, 192 Bill of Rights, onfidentiality, Commonwealth, 96-112 criminal cases, use of documents disclosed in, 06 parliamentary sovereignty, 2-4, 96-112 South Africa, 100-101 data protection, 707 disclosure to bring proceedings, 534 Binding over orders, 556 Blasphemy, 182-183 Germany, 152-153 interception of communications, 330, 535 Border control, 538 paedophiles’ presence, disclosure of, 705-706 Boundary changes, 340 public interest immunity, 176, 706 Broadcasting, sources, disclosure of, 706 Act of 1996,175 use of documents disclosed in criminal cases, Broadcasting Complaints Commission, 175 534-535 Broadcasting Standards Commission, 17 onseil d’Etat, decisions Broadcasting Standards Council, 175 aliens, 351 complaints, 705 asylum application, 199-201 digital terrestrial broadcasting, 175 competition law, 559-560 duties under E.¢ law, 175 17 6 Convention on the Rights of ti European law, 175-176 723-725 licences 175 deportation of alien, 353 party broadcasts, 536-537 expulsion of alien, 351-352 political advertisements, 176 family life, respect for, 352-353 public service terrestrial channels, 175 international custom, 560—562 satellite, 705 judicial review, 351 BSE crisis, 181 public hospitals, liability of By-elections, 391-393 refugee status, 725-726 Bylaw, validity of, 192-193 torture, 351 onstitution, debate on, 330—535 -aesarian sections, 542-543 devolution, 707-708 ‘alcutt Committee, 6 House of Commons debate “hild sex abuse victims, 186 policing the, 234-244 ‘itizen’s Charter, 183-334 Sweden, 488-512 ivil Justice Council, 532 watchdogs, 234-244 ‘ivil service ¢ onstitution Unit, code of conduct, 183 conduct, 183 acting constitutional reform. 68-69 Intelligence Services Commissioner Report, limitations, 67 542 purpose, 67 Security Service Commissioner Report, 542 reform proposals, 66-74 [1997] PL. © Sweet & MAXWELL AND CONTRIBUTORS Constitution Unit—cont Democratic Audit of the United reports, 66-74 Kingdom—cont Constitutional reform, Human Rights Index, 80 Constitution Unit. See Constitution work in progress, 81-83 devolution in Scotland and Wales, Detention during Her Majesty’s pleasure, 344, ECHR incorporation, 425 554 electoral reform, 426-427 Dicey, enacting, 63-69 parliamentary sovereignty, 1 freedom of information, 426 rule of law, 471 House of Lords, 70-7744, 426 Digital terrestrial broadcasting, IGC Bill, 425 Directive local government, 425 London, 425 working time national government, 69-7 Disability dis« parliament, 425-426 Code of Pract proportional representa Discourse theory proposals, 66-74 Discriminatior Queen’s Speec h, 42 regional government, Scottish devolution second chamber, 70: Wales, devolution concessionary Contempt of court disability, Code Costs, indirect, Woolf Report 220 monitor Court of Appe al, nature review of year, 329 police pF rov Court Service, 533-534 post dismissal ’ riminal injuries omy qualifying per judicial review, 339 personal injuries, 330-3 mination, 177 rown, 196 lieutenancies, 535 rown Agents tribunal, 20—22 rown Prosecution § division into duties, ustody, time spent in Death penalty Baham Defamation, libel. See Libel Delay, administrative statutes passe complexity, due to, 162-166 Elections criminal justice system, 329 bank holidays, 389 lefinition, 160-162 by-elections, 391-393 fficiency, 166 lemise of Crowr interim relief, 166-167 refort judicial reveiw, 548 expenses, 331 systemic problem of, 167-170 funding of political parties, 331 unnecessary 170—173 general, setting date for, 385-393 Delegated legislation, mourning days, on, 389-390 housing, 185 party broadcasts, 536-537 Democratic Audit of the United Kingdon postal voting, 332 80-83 proxy, voting by, 332 exporting the index, 80-81 setting date for, 385-393 generally, 80 thanksgiving, on, 389 [1997] PL. © Sweet & MAXWELL AND CONTRIBUTORS 746 Index Elections—cont. European Court of Human Rights, voting arrangements, 332 U.K. in, 101-103 Electronic devices, European law, parliament, 343 affirmative action, 53-54 Emanation of state, 180 broadcasting, 175-176 Employment law, First Banking Directive, 39-42 abuse of process, 455—466 misfeasance and breaches of, 39 non-contractual obligations, 455-458 parliamentary sovereignty, 4-5 public law and, 455-466 Working Time Directive. 179 Enforcement decisions, European Union, collateral challenge to, 365-370 developments in, 181, 538 Environment, Executive, packaging waste, 332 judiciary, relationship with, 86 producer responsibility, 332 Extradition, Estoppel per rem iudicatam, Commonwealth country, 540 town and country planning, 348 designated Commonwealth country, 540 European Community, discretion, exercise of, 181 access to documentation held by, 446-454 exercise of discretion, 181 birds, protection of, 333 Hong Kong, surrender to, 538-539 border control, 538 nature of proceedings, 539-540 BSE crisis, 181 United States, 539-540 compensation for breach of law, 537 damages for breach, 708-709 developments, 538 developments in European Union, 181 documentation held by, 446-454 Family life, 185-186 emanation of state, 180 Federalism, failure to implement Directive, 178-179 Scottish devolution, 283-284 finances, 181 Fees, fundamental principles of law, 180-181 adminstration of justice, 328-329, 533 hearing, right to, 538 Fire Authorities, national parliaments, 181 tortious liability, 347-348 nationality, 179 First Banking Directive, 39-42 over-implementation of scheme, 181 police, 332-333 France, public service and nationality, 179-180 Conseil d’Etat. See Conseil d’Etat, decisions of right to hearing, 538 spouses of citizens, 537 Freedom of information, validity of Community acts, 538 constitutional reform, 426 Working Time Directive, 179 Freedom of person, European Convention on Human Rights, alcohol confiscation, 541 applicability, 77- arrest, powers of, 182 common law, 227-228 identity cards, 182 derogations, 77 lawful search, 333, 541 development of common law, 2 reasonable grounds for suspicion, 182 domestic law, in, 185 search, power of, 182, 333, 541 exiting law, relationship with, 75-77 seizure, power of, 182, 541 family life, respect for, 185-186 terrorism, prevention of, 182 further ratifications, 77 warrant, scope of, 541-542 incorporation into U.K. law, 75-79, 103, Freedom of property, 540-541 223-233, 425 Freedom of speech, interpretation, 225-227 blasphemy, 182-183 judicial review and, 228-232 Parliamentary, 113 Labour's plans for, 75-79 prisons, 344-345 parliamentary sovereignty, 3, 96-105 video certificate refusal, 182- plans to incorporate, 75-79 Freemasonry, 534 remedies, 78-79 reservations, 77 standing, 78 Gay rights, statutory interpretation, 225-227 United States, 315-327, 420-423 [1997] PL. © Sweet & MAXWELL AND CONTRIBUTORS Gender-neutral drafting, Health—cont Germany, 152 primary care, 542 General election, setting date for, - private finance, 712 Germany, unconscious man, sperm taken from, abortion, 153 334-335 access to personal information, 152 1 3 withdrawal of medical treatment, 184 air traffic control privatisation, 1i44 Highway, use of, 346 armed forces, 149 HIV, 197-198 Basic Law, 137-158 Home Secretary, Bundestag, 150 judiciary and, confidentiality, 152-153 Homelessness, 543 constitutional reform, 137-158 Homosexuals, rights for, dissolution of Bundestag, 150 United States, 315-327 distribution of legislative powers, Hong Kong, European integration, 144-145 nationality, 5 external deployment of armed for surren family life, 153-154 , modernisation of foreigners voting in local el pro gender-neutral drafting, 152 House of | ords, humanity, 155-156 constitutional Joint Consitutional Commitee, 137 Housing, marriage, 153-154 asylum seeker, duty to, munority groups, 154-155 delegated legislation, 18 nationality law of,.149-—150 homelessness, 543 post office privatisation, 147 legislation, 184 privacy, 152-153 statutes passed, 184 privatisation, 147 railway {p| rivatisation, referenda, 1 51 reunification, 137- armed for revision of Basic Law, sed jt salaries of Members of Parliament, i tims, State aims, 147-149 courts martial, 336 States, reorganisation of, death penalty, 187 strikes, 154 DTI inspectors, 544 overnment, European Convention on Human Rights. See Citizen’s Charter, 183, 334 European Convention on Human intelligence and security, 334 Rights local. See Local government family life, 185-186 machinery, 712 interception of office members’ interests, 334 judiciary and ministerial responsibility. See Minister private life, respect 4 responsibility respect for family life, 185-186 Next Steps Agencies, 334 sado-masochistic activity, 336 official secrets, 712 self-incrimination, rule against, 186—187 open, 183 transsexuals, 543-544 parliamentary questions, 183 quangos and 234~—236 Identity cards, 182 IGC Bill, 425 Habermas, Jiirgen, 692-703 Immigration Harassment, protec tion from, administrative detention, 623-629 Health, assistance, availability of, 337 See also Medical treatment asylum, See Asylum Authcrity, availability of assistance, 33 i duty of care, 197-198 control, 190 HIV workers, 197-189 destitute, duty to consider help for, 188 Caesarian sections, 542-543 detention, 623-629 HIV, 197-198 effectiveness of control, 190 human fertilisation, 184, 334-335 fast track appeals, 187 [1997] PL. © Sweet & MAXWELL AND CONTRIBUTORS 748 Index Immigration—cont. Judicial review—cont. fear of persecution, 189 Parliamentary Commissioner, 550-551 fresh application, 545 parliamentary sovereignty, 3-4 internal flight alternative, 713-714 precedent fact, 191-192 keeping tribunal up to date, 190 prior exhaustion of other remedies, 589-593 legality of procedures, testing, 189 private law and, 547, 715 racial abuse, liability for, 190 proof of precedent fact, 192 refugees, meaning of, 338 prosecutorial discretion, comparative study of safe third country rule, 545 England and Israel, 513-531 testing legality of procedures, 189 quality of reasons, 191 up to date, keeping tribunal, 190 reasonableness of decision, 714 working, bar on, 714 relevant considerations, 714-715 Immigration officers, ultra vires defence to criminal proceedings, tort, 348 548 Immunity, judicial, 175, 704 wasted costs order, 547—548 Informers, 343 udiciary, Inquiries. See Tribunals of inquiry appointment, 175, 534 Intelligence and security, appraisal, 175 government, 334 Attorney-General, 91—92 reports, 542 constitutionalism, 87-89 Intelligence Services Commissioner Report, democracy, in, 84-85 542 departing from previous decisions, Interception of communications, 330, 535 election, 84 Interim relief, executive, relationship with, 86 delay, 166—167 exercise of power by, 84-95 Internet, freemasonry, 534 statutory instruments on, 343 Home Secretary and, 93 Ireland, human rights, 93-94 Northern. See Northern Ireland immunity, 175, 704 Report of the Constitution Review Group, 55-65 Lord Chancelloare, 89-91 Irrationality, 546 monitoring, 175 education, 536 Parliament, relationship with, 85 Israel, parliamentary sovereignty, 85, 96€ -112 prosecutorial discretion, comparative study of politicisation, 106-111 England and Israel, 513-531 removal of judge, 174 role of, 84-95 sentencing, 174-175 Jersey, separation of powers, ! judicial review, 371-374 statistics, 705 Jowell, statutory interpretation, 85 rule of law, 485—486 training, 329 Judicial review, weakest and least dangerous Department of alternative remedies, 545—546, 589-593 Government, 84-95 amenability to, 547 witness, compellability as, 175 binding over orders, 556 Jury, collateral challenge to enforcement decisions, biased, 336—337 365-370 contempt of court, 533 Conseil d’Etat, decisions of, 351 race discrimination, 336-337 Criminal Injuries Compensation Board, 339 Just satisfaction, criminal proceedings, 548 ECHR, in, 647-659 cross-examination, 715 Justices of the Peace, 532 delay, 548, 716 errors of law and fact, 339 irrationality, 546 Laws, Sir John, Jersey 371-374 rule of law, 479-481 Legal Aid Board, 338 Legal aid, legitimate expectations, 190-191, : advice and assistance, 330 magistrates’ court, 339-340 assistance by way of representation, 330 mandatory requirement, 339 Board, review of discretion, 338 [1997] PL. © Sweet & MAXWELL AND CONTRIBUTORS Index 749 Legal profession, Media, self-regulation in—cont barrister’s immunity, 717 royal family, pictures of, conduct, 192 self regulation, 12-16 education, 192 sports coverage, 8 immunity, 716, 717 standards, press, 7-8 provision of services, 340 Mediation, rights of audience, 340 sex discrimination, 310-314 solicitors’ immunity, 717 Medical treatment, Legitimate expectations, 190-191, Caesarian sections, 542-543 Libel, detaining patient, 712 Defamation Act 996, 113-124 human fertilisation, 104, 334-335 Neil Hamilton’s action inability to consent, 335 parliament, freedom of s non-consensual treatment, 335, 542-543 political, 113-124, 428 primary care, 542 qualified privilege, 428 unconscious man, sperm taken from, Licences, 334-335 broadcasting, 175 withdrawal of, 184 Monopolies and Mergers Commi Members’ interests, 334 410-409 Ministerial responsibility, 262—282 public entertainments, 549 accountability to Parliament, 542 regulatory discretion in privatisation, 400-409 accountability, Scottish Power case, 401-409 location of responsibility 273-274 Lieutenancies, 535 Next Steps Agencies and, 272-2 Local government, responsibility, distinguished, 271-272 advertising regulation, 9 select committees, 272-273 boundary changes, 340 administration/ operations and policy bylaw, validity of, 192-193 distinction, 268-270 central government and, 193 ambiguity, 267-268 constitutional reform, 425 confusion in, 267—268 mandatory rate relief, 549 dimunition of ministerial responsibilities, ombudsman, 194 277-278 parish councils, 549 effectiveness, 282 powers 717 elements of, 266-272 public entertainments licences, 549 framework of accountability, 280-281 standards in public life, 718 location of responsibility, 273-274 statutory nuisance, 193 Next Steps Agencies, 272-277 strengthening democracy, 193 open government and, 183 ultra vires guarantee, 193 Public Service Select Committee Report, London, 334 constitutional reform, 425 resignation, government, 717 resolution on, 262 Lord Chancellor, 89-91 responsibility, 2 select committees, 272-273 twentieth century definition, 280—281 Marches, Minority groups, Northern Ireland, 341 Germany, 154-155 Marriage, Minors, Germany, 153-154 privacy, 410-419 Media, self-regulation in, 6-17 Miscarriages of justice, compensation for, 328 advertising regulation. See Advertising Misfeasance in public office, 32-42 regulation ascertaining state of mind, 35-36 Calcutt Committee, 6 BCCI case, 32—42 Code of Practice, press regulation, causation, 38 conclusions on, 16-17 Community law, liability for breaches of, National Heritage Select Committee Report, 39-42 7 consequences of action, 34-35 Press Complaints Commission, 6, 7 deliberate or wilful refusal, 37 press regulation, 6-9 development of tort, 36 Princess Diana, pictures of, 7 economic tort, as, 33 public figures, 8 establishing tort, 35 [1997] PL. © Sweet & MAXWELL AND CONTRIBUTORS 750 Index Misfeasance in public office—cont Parish councils, 549 European law, 39-42 Parliament, forseeability of damage, 35 constitutional reform,425—426 knowledge that injury probable, 35 decline of, 250-252 liability, 32-42 disqualifications, 342 malice, 34, 37 electronic devices, 343 mental element, 33-38 freedom of speech, 113 necessary elements of, 33-38 general election, 551 police, 198 House of Commons, 718 reasonably forseeable, 36 House of Lords, 426 recklessness, 35, 37 improper pressure, 343 Three Rivers Case, 32—42 judiciary, relationship with, 85 Mitchell principles, 550 life peers, 719 Molony Committee, 9 Ministerial leads in, 426 Monitoring, modernisation of House of Commons, 718 judiciary, 175 peerage, 552 Monopolies and Mergers Commission, 401-409 privileges, 196, 718, 719 procedure, 551-552 questions, 183 Nationality, Scottish Grand Committee, 718-719 Germany, 149-150 sovereignty. See Parliamentary sovereignty Hong Kong, 549 standards, 196, 718 naturalisation, 194 statutory instruments, 34: Natural justice, statutory instruments, 19 appearance of bias, 549 succession to peerage, 55 bias, 549 Parliamentary Commissioner, enquiry, need to hold, 194-195 administrative procedures, delays in, 159-157 fairness, enquiry, need to hold, 194-195 judicial review, 550-551 naturalisation, 194 Parliamentary questions, 183 sporting bodies, 340-341 Parliamentary sovereignty, Naturalisation, Australia, 2 natural justice, 194 Bill of Rights, 2-4, 96-112 New Public Management, 246-247 common law, 97-99 Next Step Agencies, 334 Commonwealth, 96-112 North Wales child abuse tribunal, 24—26 competence, judicial, 99-100 Parliament’s role, 27—29 devolution, 2-3 Northern Ireland, Dicey, 1 decommissioning of arms, 550 European Convention, 3, 96 devolution, experience of, 660-671 European law, 4-5 employment equality, 550 fundamental freedoms, 97-99 marches, 341 judicial review, 3—4 Mitchell principles, 550 judiciary and, 85, 96-112 police complaints, 344 limits, 1—3 parades, 341 new horizons of, 1- public order, 550 override clauses, 4 Nursery education, 178 rights argument, 2 Scottish devolution, 2—3, 292-293 Woolf R eport, 1-3 Official secrets, 712 Parole Board, Ombudsman, duties, 197 local government, 194 reports, 197 Parliamentary Commissioner, 550-551 Pensions Ombudsman, 3 pensions, 341-342 Police, reports, 195, 342, 551, 718 alcohol confiscation, 5 Scottish Legal Services, 550 anonymity, 343 Open government, 183 arrest, 182 complaints, 344 damages awards against, 343-344 Parades, discrimination in provision of services, 196 Northern Ireland, 341 drawing of inferences, 196 [1997] PL. © Sweet & MAXWELL AND CONTRIBUTORS Index 751 Police—cont. Privatisation, entry by, 540-541 Germany, 147 European Community, 332-333 Privileges, freemasonry, 534 parliament, 196 inferences, drawing of, 196 Procedure, informers, 343 binding over orders, 556 legislation, 552-553 Crown Prosecution Service duties, 345 misfeasance in public office, 198 disclosure to defence, 720-721 performance indicators, 196 retention of papers, 345 property interference by, 540-541 sexual offences, 555 provision of services, 196 Proportional . representation, 427 race discrimination, 196 Public entertainments licences, 549 reports, 553 Public interest immunity, retention of papers, 345 admunistration of certification, 177 search, 182, 541 asserting, 07 seizure, 182, 541 certificates, 17 sex offenders, 553 civil and criminal litigation, distinction special constables, 553 between 212-213 unclaimed property, 553 C lass claims, 919 waiver of anonymity, 343 development of | warrant, scope of, 541-542 new approa h to Police Complaints Authority, 719 police documents, 706 Political libels, 113-124, 428-436, 558 scope, 176 Political parties, Serious Fraud Office, 176 advertising regulation, 9-10, 11 time for assessment of claim, 213 funding, 331 Public office, misfeasance in. See Misfeasance in Press Complaints Commission, 6 public office Press regulation, Public order, court cases, coverage affecting, 329 assault, 721 self-regulation, 6-9 harassment, protection from Primary purpose rule, 546 highway, use of, 346 Prime Minister, legislation, “kissing hands”, 587-588 Northern Ireland, 550 Prisons, police powers, 182 Chief Inspector’s report, 197 travellers, 346 communications with media, Public/Private law divide, 630-646 detention during Her Majesty’s Public Service Select Committee Report, 334 554 freedom of speech, 344-345 journalists visiting prisoners, 344 Quangos, legislation, 553-554 government and, 234 legitimate expectations, 190-191 parliamentary questions, 554-555 Parole Board, Race discrimination, See Discrimination duties, 197 Raz, Joseph, 468-470, 484-485 reports, 197 Referenda previous decisions, departure from, 174 Germany, 151 private sector involvement, 555 Republic of Ireland, 125-136 reports, 555, 720 Scotland, 579-586 security classification, 720 Wales, 579-586 sentencing, 553-554 Refugees, meaning of, 338 service, 555 Regional government, tariffs, 719-720 costitutional reform, 69-70 time spent in custody, 174-175 Remedies, visits, 345 European Convention on Human Rights, Privacy, 78-79 advertising regulations, 10 Removal of judge, 174 Germany, 152-153 Report of the Constitution Review Group, minors, 410-419 55-65 [1997] PL. © Sweet & MAXWELL AND CONTRIBUTORS Index Republic of Ireland, Scottish devolution—cont. constitutional change, 125-136 parliamentary sovereignty, 2—3, 292-293 referenda, 125-136 referendum, 579-586 Report of the Constitution Review Group Scotland Act 1978, 287—292 55-65 West Lothian question, 70 written constitution, 125 Search, power of, Resignation, controlled drugs, 333 ministerial responsibility, 278-280 freedom of person, 182, Resource accounting, 437-445 Second chamber, assets, 440 constitutional reform, 70-74 audit, 441 Security Service Commissioner Report, 542 central government, 439-442 Seizure, power of, departmental boundaries, 440-441 freedom of person, 182, 541 forms of, 439-440 Select committees implementation, 442 ministerial responsibility, 272-227 3 liabilities, 440 Self-incrimination, rule against, 186-187 meaning, 438-439 Sentencing, resource budgeting, 442-443 custody, time spent in, 174-175 rules of, 443-445 judiciary, 174-175 Restitution, legislation on, 553-554 judicial review and, 603-614 mandatory, 553-554 procedure, 607-613 time spent in custody, 174-175 right to, 604-607 Separation of powers, 87-95 substance, 607-613 Serious Fraud Office, Rights of audience, 340 contempt of court, 704 Rule of law, public interest immunity, 176 Allan, 481-484 Sex discrimination, analytical framework, 467-487 alternative dispute resolution, 298-314 conclusions on, 487 advantages of, 302-305 Dicey, 470-474 Australia, 298-299 Dworkin, 477-479 disadvantages, 305-310 formal conceptions of, 467-477 generally, 298 Jowell, 485-486 impetus in Great Britain, 300-302 Laws, Sir John, 479-481 mediation, 310-314 Raz, Joseph, 468-470, 484-485 procedures, 298-300 substantive conceptions of, 477— 484 United States, 298-299 Unger, 474-477 mediation, 310-314 Social security, assessment of needs, 346-347 Sado-masochistic activity, 336 asylum, 394-399 Safe third country rule, 545 evaluating needs, 556 Salmon report, 19-20 needs assessment, 346-347 Same sex marriage, overpayments, 197 United States , 315-327 Solicitor-General, 704 Satellite broadcasting, 705 South Africa, Schools. See Education Bill of Rights, 100-101 Scott Inquiry, constitutionalism, 672-691 controversy, 18-19 multiculturalism, 672-691 effect of, 18 Standards, government's response to recommendations, parliament, 196 334 Standing, procedures, 22-23 European Convention on Human Rights, 78 Salmon principles, 22 Woolf Report, 218-219 Scottish devolution, 283-297 Statutory duty, breach of, constitutional reform, 70, 424-425 Crown Prosecution Service, 198 courts, role of, 283-297 Statutory instruments, demarcation disputes, 283-297 Internet, 343 federalism, 283-284 printing, 195 judicial review and, 285-287 Statutory interpretation, Northern Ireland experience, 660-671 judiciary, 85 [1997] PL. © Sweet & MAXWELL AND CONTRIBUTORS