The Project Gutenberg EBook of Prospectus of the Scots New Zealand Land Company, by Patrick Matthew This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. Title: Prospectus of the Scots New Zealand Land Company Author: Patrick Matthew Release Date: May 29, 2018 [EBook #57235] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PROSPECTUS--SCOTS NEW ZEALAND LAND CO. *** Produced by Craig Kirkwood and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from scans of public domain works at The National Library of Australia.) Cover Transcriber’s Notes: The Table of Contents was created by the transcriber and placed in the public domain. Additional Transcriber’s Notes are at the end. CONTENTS Reasons for Emigrating. Reasons for Preferring New Zealand to Every Other Emigration Field, and for Forming a Scots New Zealand Company. Fundamental Rules Respecting Shares. Further Regulations Respecting the Management of the Company’s Affairs. Importance of Colonization to the British People. Land Property Right. Utility of Emigration and Colonies. Especial Reasons for Colonizing New Zealand. To the British Fair. Slavery. Postscript. PROSPECTUS, &c. The object of the Scots New Zealand Land Company, is to lay out the Capital of the Shareholders to the greatest advantage, in transporting them, their families, and friends, to New Zealand, and in purchasing Land and other Property, and to obtain Protection and other Social Advantages. At a Meeting of intending Shareholders, held at Perth, on the 24th of August 1839, Patrick Matthew in the Chair, the following Prospectus of the Scots New Zealand Land Company, moved by William Gorrie, and seconded by William Taylor, was unanimously agreed to, and ordered to be published, the principal portion of the same having previously been examined and approved of by intending Shareholders in various parts of Scotland. REASONS FOR EMIGRATING. 1st, Because a new country, free of debt and ancient encumbrances, with a plentiful supply of virgin soil at a low price, under all the advantages of modern science and art, affords a superior field for human industry, higher wages for labour, and greater returns upon capital, and also more healthful occupation, than an old densely-peopled country, where all the land is already appropriated, cultivated, and high-priced,—where capital is rendered comparatively unproductive, science in a great degree unavailing, and industry is crushed to the earth by a load of public debt, and where a great portion of the population follow unwholesome occupations, shut up from the fresh air of heaven. 2d, Because, in a new country, free of slavery, almost every man is a holder of property,—deriving an income at the same time from property and from labour, a state of things propitious to liberty, and where a family of children is of the utmost value in assisting their parents (the happiest condition of human existence, alike favourable to the development of mind and body, and increase of population); whereas in an old country, at least in Britain, the many are entirely dependent for support upon labour-hire alone, and a family in too many cases the entailment of misery and starvation. 3d, Because, in the case of small capitalists, or middle-class men of circumscribed income having families, to remain in this country, is merely to sacrifice their children to their own selfish love of present ease, and cowardly vis inertiæ,—it being the lot of the greater portion of their children here to sink prematurely under the wasting confinement and miserable prospects of the counting-house clerk and shopman, and the small portion of them who may survive, and struggle up to a condition to support a family, are for the most part become diseased or aged,—finely illustrating the working of the destructive and preventive Malthusian checks, the admiration of certain political economists.[1] 4th, Because, in the present peculiar condition of Britain, great capitalists are enabled to undersell small capitalists, rendering it a matter of necessity for small capitalists to emigrate, or to sink to the condition of hired labourers. [2] REASONS FOR PREFERRING NEW ZEALAND TO EVERY OTHER EMIGRATION FIELD, AND FOR FORMING A SCOTS NEW ZEALAND COMPANY. The climate of New Zealand is more temperate than that of any other country, and pre-eminently healthy. The soil is rich, and the supply of rain being regular, capable of producing all the grain and fruits of Europe in great perfection,— potatoes two crops in the year, good pasture at all seasons, and wool much superior to that of Australia. New Zealand is, besides, most advantageously situated for obtaining a market by disposing of its produce to the numerous South Sea whaling vessels which frequent its shores, and in supplying the wants of Australia at all times, but especially during the terrible visitations of drought and injuries by blight, to which that great island is so liable,—natural disadvantages which will limit Australia, at least for a long period, to a grazing country, rendering it more profitable to import agricultural produce from New Zealand than raise it at home. Nothing is so important to the success of a new colony as a temperate climate. In New Zealand, the thermometer (Fahrenheit), during the day in winter, is seldom known to fall below 40°, and any slight frost which may occur during the night disappears when the sun has arisen. The summer heat generally ranges from 60° to 75°, very rarely reaching 80° in the parts of the northern island nearest the equator,—neither the cold of winter, nor heat and drought of summer, causing any serious check to the pasture fields, which continue in a growing state all the season round, rendering a hoarded winter supply and housing for bestial unnecessary. This is of the utmost consequence to the husbandman, as a vast deal of labour is required, in nearly every country suited to the British race, to construct houses to contain the stock, and to lay up provender for their sustenance during the inclement winter, and is more especially advantageous in the case of new colonies, where the industry of the husbandman is directed chiefly to the rearing of stock. In New Zealand, the labour of the emigrant will be doubly productive to what it is in almost every other emigration field suited to the British race. The Islands of New Zealand are estimated to be nearly of the extent of Great Britain and Ireland,—about seventy millions of acres. They contain numerous friths and rivers, some of which are navigable to a considerable distance inland,—the Waikato Rivers for about 200 miles, with a great extent of country along the banks, of exceedingly fertile soil. The whole native population of these extensive regions does not equal that of Edinburgh. The natives have exhibited much barbarity and ferocity against their enemies, or those they considered to be such; but where Europeans have appeared, not in the character of an enemy, they have been tolerated to live amongst them, and even treated with kindness. The Missionaries, with their families, now about 100 individuals, have resided amongst them without personal injury for more than twenty years, and about two-thirds of the Northern Island is said to be under their influence. During the last fourteen years, with a very considerable number of sailors, lumberers, and traders, roaming over these Islands, and mixing with the natives, not one well attested case of murder has been laid to the charge of the natives, evincing a degree of forbearance and respect on their part, which perhaps would not have been equalled in any country of Europe. The extreme healthiness of the Missionaries and their families, considering that they have been the first Colonists in a very remote wilderness, almost destitute of the comforts of civilized life, and their success in agriculture and grazing, several of them possessing fine productive grain farms, and thousands of cattle, is conclusive in regard to the salubrity and steady fertility of New Zealand,—perhaps no first colony in any other country has ever been so successful and healthy. We extract the following account of New Zealand from “Emigration Fields,” a work recently published by Adam Black, Edinburgh. “Estimating the advantages of position, extent, climate, fertility, adaptation for trade,—all the causes which have tended to render Britain the emporium of the world, we can observe only one other spot on the earth equally, if not more favoured by nature, and that is New Zealand. Serrated with harbours securely insulated, having a climate temperated by surrounding ocean, of such extent and fertility as to support a population sufficiently numerous to defend its shores against any possible invading force, it, like Great Britain, also possesses a large neighbouring continent (Australia), from which it will draw resources, and to which it bears the relation of a rich homestead, with a vast extent of outfield pasturage. In these advantages it equals Britain, while it is superior to Britain in having the weather-gage of an immense commercial field,—the innumerable rich islands of the Pacific,—the gold and silver producing countries of Western America (by far the richest in the precious metals of any of the world),—the vast accumulations of man in Japan and China—all these lie within a few weeks’ sail. “The south temperate zone, from the excess of ocean, has a much more equable temperature throughout the year than the north. New Zealand, considering its territorial extent, participates in this oceanic equality in an extraordinary degree, by reason of its insularity and oblong narrow figure, stretching across the course of the prevalent winds from lat. 34° to 48° south,—the most enviable of latitudes. On this account, it enjoys a finer, more temperate climate than any other region of the world; and, in consequence, the trees, from the principle of adaptation, are only biennially deciduous, and present, as well as the herbage, a never-failing verdure. The great mountain-chain, or back-bone ridge of New Zealand, which extends through nearly fourteen degrees of latitude, attracting and condensing the high-towering clouds and vapour of the Southern Ocean, affords a constant source of showers and irrigation and freshness to the lower country; and this regular supply of moisture, under the most balmy atmosphere, and the generative influence of a sun brilliant as that of Italy, produces an exuberance of vegetation surpassing that of any other temperate country,—the richness and magnificence of the forest scenery being only equalled by that of the islands of the eastern tropical Archipelago;[2] and the mountains themselves, the sublime southern Alps, more elevated than the highest of the Alps of Switzerland, [3] [4] [5] upheaved, from the depths of the great south sea, in some places to more than three miles of altitude, and, from their volcanic character, of the boldest, most abrupt outline, are perhaps unequalled in all the world. The character of surrounding objects must exert a powerful influence upon the genius of a people. These stupendous mountains, with innumerable rills pouring down their verdant slopes,—their great valleys occupied by the most beautiful rivers,—their feet washed by the ceaseless south-sea swell,—their flanks clothed with the grandest of primeval forests,—their bosoms veiled in cloud,—and their rocky and icy scalps piercing the clear azure heaven,—must go to stamp, as far as earthly things can have impression, a poetical character upon the genius of the Austral British. The small portion of New Zealand already under cultivation, yields, in luxuriant abundance and perfection, all the valuable fruits and grain of Europe; and, unlike Canada (where the husbandman has to endure life-consuming toil in the very hot enervating summer, to lay up provender for the subsistence of all his bestial during the long and rigorous winter), stock of all descriptions fatten in this favoured region, at all seasons, upon the spontaneous produce of the wilderness.[3] The climate is also the most favourable to the development of the human species,[4] producing a race of natives of surpassing strength and energy. From the mountainous interior, the country is, in a wonderful degree, permeated by never-failing streams and rivers of the purest water, affording innumerable falls, suited to machinery, adjacent to the finest harbours. The forests abound in timber of gigantic size, peculiarly adapted for naval purposes and for house- building, and, from its mild workable quality, much more economically convertible and serviceable than the timber of any other country in the southern hemisphere; most of which, from extreme hardness, is almost unmanageable.[5] Millions of acres, it is said, are covered with the famed New Zealand flax (the great value of which is now coming to be appreciated, and which, in case of necessity, will render Britain independent of the Russian supply of hemp and flax); and around the shores are the most valuable fisheries, from the mackerel to the whale; in the pursuit of which latter, many of our vessels resort, though at the other extremity of the earth. Combining all these natural internal advantages with the most favoured position for trade, New Zealand must ultimately reign the Maritime Queen of the South-eastern hemisphere. “Estimating these surpassing natural advantages in their peculiar adaptation to the energetic maritime British race, it is somewhat remarkable that no regular attempt has been made by Britain to colonize New Zealand. This must have arisen from the numbers and barbarous character of the native population; a population so small, however, reduced as it now is, as to be quite out of all proportion to the extent of territory, and which exists only around some of the sheltered bays of the coast, and in a few of the rich valleys of the interior. According to Mr Yate, and the other missionaries who have had the best means of estimating their numbers, the whole amount may be about 110,000. Another writer states: ‘The inhabitants, in fact, have not, in any sense of the word, taken possession of the country which they call their own. It is still the undivided domain of nature, and they are merely a handful of stragglers who wander about the outskirts.’ Thus, densely populated Britain, with the means of effectual relief, is allowed to remain writhing under the preventive and destructive checks, while a region, the finest in the world,—a region which, beyond all others, can lay claim to the name of Paradise, is lying an untenanted wilderness.”[6] Already British emigrants of steady character are beginning to flock to this fine country. The New Zealand Land Company, a company of land speculators in London, have made and are making purchases of lands in New Zealand, at almost nominal price, from the natives, or from others who say they have purchased from the natives, and they have sold in this country to intending emigrants upwards of 100,000 ac. at L.1 per acre,—land which neither the Land Company itself nor these intending emigrants have ever seen, nor do the latter even know in what part of the islands their lots may be situated, neither have they received any guarantee from that Company that they will receive them at all;[7] and several thousands of these emigrants, with their working people, are now departing from our shores. The Scots New Zealand Land Company is not a land speculating company, consisting of great capitalists residing in this country and trafficking in New Zealand with intent to profit. It is a company of industrious men, chiefly working small capitalists, who are to go out to New Zealand to make their own market, and, after seeing the article, to purchase a territory either at first hand from the natives, or from any other individual or company, wherever they can obtain lands best and cheapest, and to occupy these as soon as bought, thus leaving no room for mistake as to tenures, multiplicity of claimants, or doubtful claims. They, with their families, will themselves cultivate the lands they purchase, as is done in the non-slave portion of the United States, where the principles of colonization, from greater experience, are better understood than in Britain, and where the practice is successful beyond all parallel, the only instance of successful colonization on an extensive scale without slavery,—indeed, the only manner in which colonization can now succeed without slavery, notwithstanding of the “sufficient price,” (merely a new Corn Law!) or any other servant-producing scheme it is possible to devise. The Scots New Zealand Land Company of emigrants will manage their own affairs,—their own property, while existing as a company, and their political and social matters till the British crown shall interfere to supply a government. They will form their own regulations in New Zealand, suited to local circumstances, with the full power of modifying or changing these immediately, as events may require. They will not be subservient to the rule and dictation of a company of land speculators, or committee ambitious of governing power, residing at the other side of the globe, who may have interests and principles, or prejudices, distinct from or opposed to those of the colonists, and who, even with the best intentions of acting for the good of the colonists, must, from ignorance of facts, at least only receiving their knowledge of these through a colouring or distorting medium, combined with the long period of time that must elapse before the Home Committee can be made acquainted with the necessity of any change of regulations and orders for the change arrive out,—be full as likely to direct wrong as aright. The evil effects of a managing Committee, at the other side of the Globe, ignorant of facts and of a governor without [6] [7] [8] sufficient discretionary power, has been exemplified in the colony of South Australia (founded in 1836), where, in consequence, the first emigrants were delayed a season after going out (consuming much of their means), waiting till their lots were surveyed and prepared for being occupied,—the working surveyors having deserted, from insufficient pay, and a quarrel having arisen betwixt the Governor and Colonel Light, and other officials, respecting the site of the capital. The unfavourable condition of the colony, as late as February 1839 (corresponding to August in Britain),—only one grain field (it is said) existing,—the sheep, which had been imported at very high prices, perishing from the drought, and of little value, and the portion of the emigrants, destitute of capital, shipped off in such numbers, to act as servants, in a state approaching to insubordination,—is attributable, at least partly, to the same source, the ignorance and prejudices, or rather the erroneous Theories, of a Home Committee. The people which the Home Committee have so unwisely sent out, and encouraged to go out,—poor improvident men, without habits of forethought, economy, or steadiness of character,—and capitalists themselves, not inured to work, and expecting to benefit by the abundance of hired labour, but most of whom, in effect, have become mere gambling land-jobbers—are not the classes suited for colonists. Colonization can only proceed successfully, under the three following systems:—1st, Compulsory labour or slavery. 2d, Working small capitalists, working families. 3d, Co-operative working societies, possessing capital. The plain fact is, that the Swan River and South Australia colonization has been sacrificed, and the New Zealand London colonization is about to be sacrificed, to a scheme of master and servants, under circumstances where master and servants, at least to any considerable extent, is impracticable. In a new colony, at least under the present diffusion of knowledge amongst British men, it is imperative that the majority of the colonists be working capitalists. This is absolutely necessary to solder a new society together. Their fine spun plausible theories, totally unsupported by facts, or rather totally in opposition to facts, about “the sufficient price,”—fixing the price of fresh land so high as to keep it above the reach of the poorer class—thus forcing the working men, carried out, to work as servants—desirable theories, which have imposed upon the understanding of many, and amongst others, upon that of the late Colonial Secretary Lord Glenelg—are mere moonshine.[8] Independent of mutual protection, conveniency of transport, and other social advantages, a principal object of the Scots New Zealand Land Company, is, that the shareholders may purchase from the sellers of land in New Zealand, in a body, and not raise the price greatly by the demand which individual competition would create. The following scheme of the Company has been drawn up, as much as possible suited for the advantage of small working capitalists, on whose efficient support the success of the colony will depend. [9] [10] [11] FUNDAMENTAL RULES RESPECTING SHARES. 1st, That every shareholder take out one person, if the person is above 7 years of age, for each share; and in the case of children under 7 years, two persons for each share (the shareholder counting one should he or she go out). In case of an odd child under 7, to be allowed to take in lieu a half share, and possession of the property purchased by the share funds, to be obtained only after the person or persons covering the share shall have arrived at the place, excepting in the case of death on the passage, which will be held the same as the arrival: That no sailor, unless he is a shareholder, or carry out a wife or family, be allowed to cover a share. 2d, That should any shareholder fail to embark a person or persons to cover his or her lot or lots in New Zealand, within three years from the time of the sailing of the first expedition, or such person or persons fail to arrive in regular time, death on the passage alone excepted, such lot or lots shall be sold by the Company, and the subscribed money returned to the subscriber, should the proceeds amount to as much. In case the proceeds should be below the subscribed money, the proceeds only to be remitted. 3d, That for each share, the amount of subscribed capital be L.28 for investment in New Zealand, and a specific sum for passage, and New Zealand provision supply of meal, flour, and rice for one year. That for an adult this sum be L.16 for passage, and L.6 for provision in New Zealand,—in all L.50 per share; but in the case of the shareholder taking out children to cover shares, under 14 years of age, when embarked, that the passage and New Zealand provision-money be as follows:—Below 1 year, when embarked, L.1, 10s.; below 2 years, L.2, 5s.; below 3 years, L.3, 10s., and L.1, 10s. for every year more till the age of 14. The provision-supply in New Zealand, being for children under 3 years of age, when embarked, one-fourth of that of an adult; between 3 and 6 years, one-half; between 6 and 9, three-fourths; and above 9 the same as an adult. A family consisting of more than cover its shares, to pay L.22 for an adult, and for children in proportion. 4th, That each subscriber pay up L.10 upon each share, by approved bill due on ... and the remainder when the Committee shall appoint, by approved bill, including interest, or by cash; notice of 20 days being given should one- fourth be required, and 30 days should a greater portion. That in case any of those the shareholder carries out be not adults, he shall state their age, giving proof of the same, when, according to the above scale in No. 3, a deduction will be made on the sums to be paid, in proportion as the whole sum he has to pay falls short of L.50 per share. Any one failing to pay according to these regulations, to forfeit 5 per cent. of the money he has given bill for or advanced, should the delay of payment be less than one week, and to forfeit 10 per cent. of his money for every week of delay, ten weeks’ delay forfeiting the whole money he has given bill for or advanced; excepting in the case of the shareholder dying, when his or her payment will be returned to the heir or heirs, should he, she, or they not wish to continue shareholders. Shares to be transferable. 5th, That in Britain, and previous to the expiry of the fourth year in New Zealand, each shareholder above 18 have a vote for each share until the number of shares exceed 10, but, however many shares more, not to have more than 10 votes. That the same rule be observed in all property affairs of the Company, in New Zealand; but in all political affairs in New Zealand, that every British settler in the Scots territory, above 21 years of age, have a vote after the fourth year from the arrival of the first expedition. 6th, That the first expedition, independently of its own funds, take out L.28 of each share, and L.14 of each half share, of the subscribers who are to follow, to be laid out as a New Zealand investment, the remaining L.22, or smaller sum, being left to carry out these following shareholders, and to provision them for a year in New Zealand. The passage provision to be plain and wholesome, any thing beyond this to be charged extra. The funds taken out to be in blankets, iron, tools, implements, utensils, dollars, and other articles suited for traffic with the natives. [12] FURTHER REGULATIONS RESPECTING THE MANAGEMENT OF THE COMPANY’S AFFAIRS. 1st, As soon as what is considered a sufficient number of shareholders shall have subscribed, that a general meeting be held of the shareholders, or their accredited agents, to choose a Governing Committee or Directory,[9] in which will be vested full powers to carry on the enterprize in the most effectual manner. This Directory will purchase or hire a vessel or vessels, to sail for N. Zealand as early as possible, and as soon as a sufficient number, say one hundred shareholders, are prepared to go out: The Directory having discretionary power to choose and limit those going out, in case the number coming forward at the time of sailing exceed what the vessel or vessels can conveniently carry, so that those on the first expedition may be as masculine and efficient as possible, but in no case to separate the members of a family without their own consent. 2d, That previous to the sailing of the first expedition, in which the Directory and Company’s officers will go out, a Home Director, Deputy, Secretary, and Treasurer shall be appointed, forming a Home Committee, along with a Head of Department and Deputy Head for each district. This Home Committee to act under the directions of the Foreign Committee or Directory, in managing the concerns, and sailing of the expeditions which follow;—the Foreign Directory having the sole management abroad in laying out the capital of the Company, and in directing matters generally.[10] 3d, That, previous to the sailing of the first expedition, the amount of the shares be ascertained, and the first subscription closed. A second subscription to be immediately commenced, for further investment in New Zealand, under the management of the Directory in New Zealand, who will purchase territory with the second and further subscription funds, as soon as the funds are sent out. 4th, That, as soon as the site of the principal town, or first settling station, shall have been chosen, that one-half or one- fourth acre of town-land, and from five to ten acres of suburban-land, for gardens, be divided to each share, for a commencing nucleus, and that the country lands be afterwards divided when required,—if possible, 100 acres of good land to be apportioned to each share. The whole to be drawn for by lot. A shareholder having several shares, to receive the whole wherever his first lot may happen to fall. And, as matter of conveniency in occupying and enclosing, and also as some recompense for their pioneering labours, the first expedition shall have the first choice of the town and suburban land, but not of the country land. Any residue of territory to be disposed as a general meeting of the shareholders shall determine. 5th, As soon as the first expedition shall have located itself, and made purchases to a certain extent, that the speediest intimation of this be sent home, and all of the shareholders at home, that are in readiness, to go out with the least possible delay, in a second expedition, if the Home Committee has not in the mean time thought it expedient to send out the second expedition sooner: To be in readiness for which latter arrangement, the first expedition will have notice waiting at the Bay of Islands, where some of the intending shareholders have already extensive possessions, of the place of its rendezvous, by which the second expedition may be enabled to reach it. 6th, That after the expedition shall have located itself, a certain per-centage on the share, or land-tax, shall be levied, or a portion of the undisposed land be sold, to procure medical treatment to the natives, and, if necessary, to keep up a small hospital, where the natives may obtain food and lodging during their medical treatment. The natives to be treated with untiring kindness, and in every way encouraged to obtain property by provident industry. 7th, That the actual necessary personal expenses of the officers of the Company be paid to them; the vouchers for which must be given in to the Secretary at each general meeting, for the time previous, in order that the meeting may examine and sanction the same. That the reward or payment for the public labours of the officers be determined by the shareholders assembled at the general meetings, it being understood that all public officers, where any considerable amount of labour is required, have a fair and sufficient remuneration for the time of service, but no retiring salary. That these rewards of officers for labour performed be given in land in New Zealand, or in money, at the option of the shareholders. 8th, That each shareholder and emigrant of the Scots New Zealand Land Company, before embarking, give his solemn pledge that he will obey the Committee of Government in all things not opposed to the common rules of morality, and in all duty which free citizens owe to the government of their choice, until such time as the British Government shall have assumed an energetic governing control over that part of N. Zealand. That in case any shareholder will not submit to the directions of the Committee, at any time previous to the individual possession of the land, that he or she shall be obliged to sell out of the Company, within a time to be fixed by the Directory; and if subsequent to the possession of the land, that the Scots New Zealand community break off all intercourse and social connection with this refractory emigrant. 9th, That all above fourteen years of age carried out by this Company pledge that they will not, directly or indirectly, purchase from the natives any lands till the Company shall have made an end of its purchases in investing the Company’s first funds, or at least till one year after the arrival of the first expedition, should the funds not be sooner expended. Any one breaking this pledge, to be held infamous, and beyond the pale of society. 10th, That every male above fourteen years of age be regularly armed, at his own, the Company’s, or the British Government’s expense, with such arms as the Governing Committee may think most fitting; submit to such military training as this Committee may think necessary, and be at all times ready to act in defence for the public safety. That all who go out pledge to this. [13] [14] [15] [16] 11th, As a chief element in the prosperity of a country is secure and unfettered possession of land, and easy transmission, that the tenure or condition under which the land shall be held, and mode of conveying it, in order to be of the simplest and clearest description, be allodial (without any superior), and The Book of First Allotment made out by the Register Keeper and the Surveyor be of itself sufficient evidence of the title. The lots to be described in this Book as definitely as possible; and the lines of demarcation or marches to consist of natural divisions, such as water-courses, inclination run or shedding of water, line of rocks, &c.; and, when these are not convenient, that marks prominent to view be stamped upon trees or earth-fast stones, or pits be dug, by the Surveyor. That this Book of First Allotment or Register Book (kept in a fire-proof apartment) have a page opened for each division of land, describing its name, boundaries, size, owner, in the fewest words possible. In the case of transfer, or borrowing money upon it, the same to be recorded, in the fewest words possible, on the Register page, and signed by principals and two witnesses: The lender, on receiving the money back, merely signing his name as receiver, attested by the Register Keeper and witnesses, and no bargain respecting land to be binding till registered in this Book. That possession, living witnesses, and the Register Book, be the only necessary title: But, in order to provide against the possible destruction or loss of the register book, the holder, upon requesting it, and paying the necessary cost, to receive from the Register Keeper a copy of the register page, describing his own lands down to a specified date, written upon a paper stamped by a peculiar die, used for this exclusive purpose, and signed by the Register Keeper, attested by witnesses. In connection with the Register Office, a Bank might be formed, based upon the land-property of the shareholders, each of these landholders being allowed to draw out notes to the value of two-thirds of his land-shares, or more should the land rise in value, forming a currency of heritable bonds. The notes to be payable in gold or dollars, upon giving six months’ notice, the same as with heritable bonds here.[11] This would prevent any mischievous run upon gold, and at the same time keep up the paper to its proper value, affording a sufficient paper currency, and facility of borrowing on land-property, so important to the prosperity of the country, and so necessary to keep up the mental acumen and wisdom of the holders.—The regulations for this system of currency, and for many other things, cannot well be detailed in a Prospectus. In the mean time, this meeting recommend to intending subscribers in every district or town which any number of intending subscribers reside, to form Branch Societies, and appoint a Head of Department or Committeeman, who can communicate with the central head, or attend general meetings, as the representative of his brethren. Persons wishing further information, or who wish to subscribe for shares, to apply by letter, post paid, to the Chairman. The applications for shares to be in the following form. The letters requesting shares not to be binding upon the subscribers, unless 200 shares shall have been subscribed for by Martinmas, 22d November 1839. To Patrick Matthew, Esq. Gourdiehill by Errol, Scotland. (Insert here the date and your residence.) I hereby engage to take (Insert here the number of shares) of the Scots New Zealand Land Company, conform to the terms specified in the Prospectus issued by a meeting of intending shareholders, held at Perth on 24th August 1839, and signed Patrick Matthew, Chairman. I am, Sir, yours, &c. [17] [18] IMPORTANCE OF COLONIZATION TO THE BRITISH PEOPLE. Certain nations, or rather races of men, have a disposition to increase in numbers and are continually throwing off swarms; while other nations or races, from some progressing deficiency of vital stamina similar to the gradual decline of old age in the individual, are sinking in population, and the countries they have occupied becoming open to the immigration of the prolific and more vigorous races. The causes which tend to produce the one or the other condition of human vitality, seem to lie beyond the bounds of philosophic inquiry, but the fact itself is sufficiently clear. Hitherto the swarming or emigration of the more prolific races has been left to little else than instinctive or brute feeling of necessity —has at least not been entered upon by any government or society with any thing like the vigour and compass of plan which would result from a rational estimation of its importance, under proper regulation, to the comfort and happiness of the community. When more than one-half of the earth is wilderness, and transport become so easy, it is treason to the human race to speak of preventive or destructive checks. As things are now situated, every adult in Great Britain has a right to demand of the Government to be put in a condition of marrying, should he incline, with the certainty by common industry of providing comfortably for a family. This condition of things is the great, the only test of a good Government. The Government that cannot or will not provide for this, is either grossly ignorant, impotent, or criminal, and unfit for its place. A sufficient emigration of the labouring and property classes, would improve the home field for labour and capital, and raise wages and the returns upon capital so high that every industrious man would be able to maintain a family in comfort as soon as he had reached maturity, say the age of 21, and had attained a fair proficiency in his calling or business. Marriage about 21 is desirable on several accounts. The head of the family is stronger and healthier to provide for his children, and more likely to survive and provide for them till they attain strength to provide for themselves. The children are also stronger and healthier and easier provided for:—And the earth is comparatively a desert. The British Navy ought to be employed during peace as transports, carrying out emigrants to our colonies—in laying the foundation of future empires. By this, two very desirable ends would at once be gained—a sufficient and safe means of transporting our surplus population to new lands, and the proper discipline and experience of the Navy itself. Colonization is merely sowing the seeds of future prosperity. The perfection and extent of our manufactures, the source of our national wealth and of the value of our landed property, are owing to the demand and supply of the United States and other colonies which we have planted,—our trade to which exceeds that to all the world besides. During depressions of trade, we give charitable supply to those who cannot find employment, keeping up numbers of unemployed people, ready should labour come a little more into demand, to compete with those in employment, and thus keep down wages to the lowest pitch. This is merely a nursing of misery. Were those who could not get employment, or who could not live comfortably upon what they received for their work, sent out to fruitful new lands and properly located, each person sent away would give employment to a person at home in fabricating articles for his use, and for which he would make return in raw produce, thus converting our paupers into rich customers, and raising the price greatly of home labour. Emigration is going on to a vast extent from the Eastern and Middle United States, keeping up a most favourable field for industry, and rendering a family highly advantageous in these countries. Nothing hinders Britain from enjoying the same advantages but her stupid and guilty neglect. Our colonies are fully as extensive, as healthy, and as favourable a field for industry, and it is not more difficult now for a native of Britain to emigrate to some of our very extensive colonies, than for an inhabitant of the Atlantic States to go to the banks of the Missouri or the Texas Territory. It would be more so were Government to give its aid in Navy transports, and by so doing the Service would be greatly benefited. Why, then, should the condition of the working population of Britain not be as favourable as that of the people of the United States? But if the Legislature and Government of Britain shall fail to do their duty in providing for the welfare of the community, and the community are not able to procure a Government capable and willing to do this duty, still there is no reason why the British people should sit down in despair. Not only can working small capitalists emigrate in a sufficient number, especially by uniting their efforts, but working men without any capital, have it in their power by forming Emigrant Associations, with weekly subscriptions, to invest money in new lands,[12] and to export portions of their own body to these lands should the hire of labour be too low here, or whenever the want of labour-demand threatened to reduce wages. To diminish the supply and increase the demand is the only legitimate way to keep up the price. And the increase of wages which would thus be obtained, would more than pay the subscription necessary to carry out and supply with land and commencing stock the number of their brethren requisite to be sent off to keep the labour demand in a salutary state. Trades’ Unions might work very advantageously in conducting this. This is a better plan of keeping up wages than strikes, which in nine cases out of ten are the means of lowering wages. Were the money which has been injuriously expended on strikes, and still more were the money that is injuriously expended by the working-men upon ardent spirits, strong ales, and other baneful intoxicating drugs, employed in planting a sufficient number of their body in fruitful new colonies, the condition of the working-men in Britain would be immeasurably elevated. They have allotted a certain portion of the price of fresh land to carry out working emigrants without means. This plan might be worked advantageously perhaps were the price of the land sufficiently low,—that is so low as to command the desired amount of sales, and not impede the emigration of working small capitalists, or the purchasing of the land by working-men, say about five shillings per acre, as in the United States. There is, however, something ungracious in their schemes or manner of conducting them, which has not met the approval of the British working-men. The emigrant is exported and set down in a strange land, without funds or friends, and under the necessity of engaging as a servant to others (his reason for emigrating is to escape from servitude), and certain regulations are adopted, and troublesome [19] [20] [21] certificates required,[13] which impede the working of the system. As soon as the Scots New Zealand Company shall have located itself and made the necessary arrangements, it will be ready to co-operate with emigration societies of working-men in Britain, in carrying through any plan which may appear most advantageous;—not with a view to procure servants, but to obtain friends and neighbours. In the mean time, emigration societies should be formed, and funds collecting. There will, no doubt, be servants or helps in New Zealand, and need for them, too, in some cases, independent, even, of what the natives will supply. But any scheme of emigration to encourage the system of master and servants to such an unnatural excess as to allot (as it is said they propose) 75 per cent of the whole price of the lands to carry on the servant-trade from Britain to New Zealand, would be attended with the most injurious consequences, not only to the employment and civilization of the natives, but to the prosperity of the settlement, if it did not ruin it altogether. Servants or helps should, like every thing else, be left to the salutary direction of demand and supply,—that is, the trade should be left entirely free, without exclusive tax or bounty, provided, indeed, it shall not be thought contra bonos mores, and prohibited. And if Government or the Legislature interfere, it ought surely to be to encourage, by affording means of transport to that class which experience has proved to be the most advantageous,—in fact, the only class by which free colonization can be successfully carried on,—working small capitalists, and which the system of master and servants, attempted to be achieved by the “sufficient price,” would do much to obstruct. LAND PROPERTY RIGHT. Right to land property is of two kinds, National and Individual. Both are founded on Utility, that is, the advantage of mankind. National or Government Right exists only where there is a presiding responsible government competent to treat with other governments, and to obey international law, and able to put down pirates and freebooters within the territory of the state. National or Government Right is evidently founded on the utility of government power, and of national responsibility. Individual Right, or appropriation of land, arises from actual occupancy of the lands, more especially cultivation by labour. Individual Right is founded on land being more advantageously employed and cultivated when divided and appropriated than when held in common, and on the claim which a person acquires to any article, not belonging to another, by expending his labour upon it. In some instances land has been cultivated in common by the tribe or district inhabitants, and sometimes the government has engrossed this right of property in land, and farmed it out in portions; but neither plan has been found to promote improvement so well as individual appropriation. The natives of New Zealand themselves admit, and every stranger who has been amongst them corroborates the fact, that they are incapable of combining and forming any thing like a responsible government fitted to treat with other governments, and to observe international law, or even to maintain any proper government authority within the territory of New Zealand. They have, therefore, no national or government right to the New Zealand territory, and have only individual right to those parts which they cultivate or derive some benefit from by occupancy. A native of New Zealand has no right to the unappropriated wilderness of New Zealand more than any other person who may be standing beside him in that wilderness. But as the natives of New Zealand, in common with the natives of New South Wales and Tasmania, have got a sense of right to these unappropriated territories, it is well to purchase their good will to the occupancy of these,—that is, their forbearance from molesting the occupiers; because, to take possession without doing so might lead to the sacrifice of life, and because it is even cheaper to hire their forbearance than to compel it by force. Any one purchasing their good will to a portion of territory has no right, however, to that territory, further than not to be molested by the natives; and unless he himself has settled on the grounds, grazed them with stock or cultivated them—the quantity of ground bearing a reasonable proportion to his stock or means of cultivating—he has no right to prevent any individual from taking occupancy and cultivating, and thus becoming rightfully possessed of the same lands. Any one who has purchased the forbearance of the natives, and failed to occupy, and who out of revenge may instigate the natives against the person who does occupy, is manifestly guilty and answerable for the consequences. It is useless here to assert the right which the imperative necessity of an overflowing population gives to spread over and occupy the waste portions of the earth. This right has been acknowledged and acted upon in all ages; and the right to any territory, not having a population capable of forming a presiding responsible government, is recognised to belong to the nation which has first discovered and taken formal occupancy. No Company in London can assume a government right over New Zealand, which, by first formal occupancy by Captain Cook, belongs of recognised right to the crown of Great Britain. Still less can this company receive any government right, or individual right, to lands in New Zealand from the natives, who, we have shewn, have no such rights to give, except in regard to the small portions which the natives have acquired individual right to by cultivation. The New Zealand Land Company in London have, indeed, the good sense to be aware of this,—that they can give no guarantee to the possession of the lands they are selling;—taking good care in their conveyance to the buyers to specify, “and the Company are not to be considered as guaranteeing the title except as against their own acts and the acts of those deriving title under and in trust for them.” Any attempt of capitalists in London or elsewhere forming New Zealand Land Companies, to monopolize whole provinces of New Zealand, by purchasing the good will of the natives at a mere nominal price, ought, therefore, not to stand in the way of emigrants going out and occupying any of these lands which the London or Home Companies or their assignees may not have become possessed of by actual occupancy, that is, by the lands being apportioned amongst and occupied by settlers, in numbers something commensurate to the extent of grounds. The British Government and Legislature will surely look to this?[14] To allow any company of home capitalists to monopolize the territory of New Zealand in this way, would be to subject the colonization of New Zealand to such a tax as the company might choose to lay upon it (at pres...