CONTENTS INTRINSIC MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE VASOPRESSIN-RELEASING NEURONS OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS P. LEGENDRE and D. A. POULAIN, Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, INSERM U 261, Département des Biotechnologies, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cédex 15, France and Laboratoire de Neuroendocrinologie Morphofonctionelle, Université de Bordeaux II, 146 rue Léo- Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cédex, France POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIATION AND DESENSITIZATION AT THE VERTEBRATE END- PLATE RECEPTORS M. SCUKA and J. W. MOZRZYMAS, Department of Biology, University of Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy and Department of Biophysics, Medical School, P-50368 Wrootaw, Poland MOVEMENT, POSTURE AND EQUILIBRIUM: INTERACTION AND COORDINATION J. MASSION, Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences, C.N.R.S., 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cédex 9, France a RELEASE OF AMINO ACID NEUROTRANSMITTERS: FACT OR RTIFACT? S. BERNATH, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, PA 15260, U.S.A. DEVELOPMENT OF SEROTONINERGIC SYSTEM IN THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD OF THE CHICK N. OKADO, H. SAKO, S. HOMMA and K. ISHIKAWA, Department of Anatomy, University of Tsukuba, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan, Department of Anatomy, Nihon University, School of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo 173, Japan, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest University, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27103, U.S.A. and Department of Pharmacology, Nihan University, School of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo 173 Japan NEUROPEPTIDE Y AND NEUROPEPTIDE Y RECEPTOR SUBTYPES IN BRAIN AND PERIPHERAL TISSUES Y. DUMONT, J.-C. MARTEL, A. FOURNIER, S. ST-PIERRE and R. QUIRION, Douglas Hospital Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada and INRS-Santé, Pointe-Claire, Québec, Canada THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CORTICOSPINAL PROJECTION B. B. STANFIELD, Laboratory of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health Animal Center, P.O. Box 289, Poolesville, MD 20837, U.S.A. MODULATION OF ION CHANNELS BY SOMATOSTATIN AND ACETYLCHOLINE M. INOUE and M. YOSHII, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-01, Japan and Department of Neurophysiology, Tokyo Institute of Psychiatry, Tokyo 156, Japan ONTOGENY OF SOME NEUROPEPTIDES IN THE PRIMATE BRAIN M. HAYASHI, Department of Physiology, Primate Research Institute of Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484, Japan THE CNS-PNS TRANSITIONAL ZONE OF THE RAT. MORPHOMETRIC STUDIES AT CRANIAL AND SPINAL LEVELS J. P. FRAHER, Anatomy Department, University College, Cork, Ireland EXPERIMENTAL COMPLEX PARTIAL SEIZURES INDUCED BY A MICROINJECTION OF KAINIC ACID INTO LIMBIC STRUCTURES T. TANAKA, S. TANAKA, T. FUJITA, K. TAKANO, H. FUKUDA, K. SAKO and Y. YONEMASU, Department of Neurosurgery, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa 078, Japan INTERNEURONAL RELAY IN SPINAL PATHWAYS FROM PROPRIOCEPTORS E. JANKOWSKA, Department of Physiology, University of Géteborg, Box 33031, S-400 33 Géteborg, Sweden iii NEUROSTEROIDS: ENDOGENOUS BIMODAL MODULATORS OF THE GABA, RECEPTOR. MECHANISM OF ACTION AND PHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE M. D. MAJEWSKA, Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Addiction Research Center, NIDA, Baltimore, MD, U.S.A. PERIPHERAL AND CENTRAL MECHANISMS OF CUTANEOUS HYPERALGESIA R.-D. TREEDE, R. A. MEYER, S. N. RAJA and J. N. CAMPBELL, Department of Neurosurgery, Applied Physics Laboratory, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, U.S.A. VENTROMEDIAL HYPOTHALAMIC NEURONS IN THE MEDIATION OF LONG-LASTING EFFECTS OF ESTROGEN ON LORDOSIS BEHAVIOR R. S. COHEN and D. W. PFAFF, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, U.S.A. and Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, U.S.A. RELEASE OF GABA AND TAURINE FROM BRAIN SLICES P. SARANSAARI and S. S. OJA, Tampere Brain Research Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tampere, Box 607, SF-33101 Tampere, Finland CEREBROVASCULAR INNERVATION OF SMALL BATS K. ANDO , Biological Laboratory, Liberal Arts, Kyushu Sangyo University, Matsukadai, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 813, Japan sl i a OF SPREAD OF DIFFERENT DEMYELINATING PROCESSES IN THE MYELIN HEATH M. WOLMAN, Department of Pathology, Tel Aviv University, Sackler Faculty of Medicine 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel GENE EXPRESSION IN CELLS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Y. TAKAHASHI, Department of Neuropharmacology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata City 951, Japan A KETAMINE-INDUCED RAT MODEL OF TARDIVE DYSKINESIA L. A. MARCO and R. S. JOSHI, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, 3421 Medical Park Dr W. Suite 2, Mobile, AL 36693, U.S.A. OXIDATIVE DAMAGE AND CEREBRAL AGING C. P. LEBEL and S. C. BONDY, Alkermes Inc., 26 Landsdowne St, Cambridge, MA 02139, U.S.A. and Department of Community and Environmental Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, U.S.A. ANATOMY AND CONNECTIVITY CF INTRASTRIATAL STRIATAL TRANSPLANTS K. WICTORIN, Department of Medical Cell Research, University of Lund, Biskopsgatan 5, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden INDEX A23187, effect on neurotransmitter ‘y-Aminobutyric acid aminotransferase, in release 67 brain 459 Abducent nerve, transitional zone 281 y-Aminobutyric acid agonist Accessory nerve-spinal rootlets, transitional neurosteroids 381 zone 289 behavioural effects 385 Acetylcholine psycho-physio-pathological role 386 activation of cation nonselective recognition sites at GABA, receptor 383 channels 218 y-Aminobutyric acid antagonist desensitization 21 neurosteroids 382 effect in K+ channel 211, 213, 215 behavioural effects 386 positive nerves in bat cerebral arteries 485, psycho-physio-pathological role 386 495 recognition sites at GABA, receptor 383 postsynaptic potentiation 20 y-Aminobutyric acid, receptors Acetylcholine receptor, desensitization 23 GABA release 469 Action potentials, vasopressin neurons 4 gene expression 550 Addison’s disease 390 neurosteroids as regulators 381 Na+ ,K+-Adenosine triphosphatase, role in psycho-physio-pathological role of neurotransmitter release 67 neurosteroids 386 Adenosine triphosphate, postsynaptic steroid recognition sites 383 potentiation 20 -Aminobutyric acid, receptors Adenylate cyclase, Ca2+ channel modulation of anomalously rectifying K+ modulation 207 channel 211 Adrenal gland, neuropeptide Y 132 role in GABA release 469 a-Adrenergic receptors, sympathetically Aminooxyacetic acid, effect on GABA maintained pain 413 metabolism and release 459 A-fiber mechano-heat nociceptors 401 4-Aminopyridine, effect on neurotransmitter sensitization 403 release 71 Ageing Amygdala, kainic acid induced seizures 318, GABA and taurine release 471 320 oxidative damage in brain 601, 605 Anoxia, effect on neurotransmitter release 77 Aggression, steroid/GABA, receptor Anticipatory adjustment of posture 36 interactions 388 acquisition and adaption 46 Airways, neuropeptide Y in 127 central organization 48 B-Alanine, effect on GABA release equilibrium maintenance 38 461 organization 42 Alphaxolone, activation of GABA, stabilization of position 40 receptor 381 training 47 Alzheimer’s disease Anticonvulsants, effect on GABA and taurine blood-brain barrier 606 release 468 nerve growth factor 253 Anxiety, steroid/GABA, receptor somatostatin in brain 236, 244 interactions 387 Amino acid neurotransmitters, Arm movements 39 calcium-independent release 57-91 Arterial supply to brain, bats 484 y-Aminobutyric acid carrier proteins 75 Aspartate, effect on GABA and taurine colocalization with cholecystokinin 246 release 466 colocalization with somatostatin and Astrocytic tissue, transitional zone 265 neuropeptide Y 244 Astroglial cells intracellular compartmentalization 72 glial fibrillary acidic protein 544 primary afferent depolarization 362 S-100 protein 537 release from brain slices 455 Axial movements 38 effect of calcium chelators 58 Axons developmental changes 471 corticospinal 176 drug effects 467 development of spinal arbors 187 effect of excitatory amino acids and ejimination 183 agonists 466 fasciculation 177 effect of ions 66 guidance 178 metabolism 459 myelination 183 methodology 456 reorganisation of terminals during modulation by catecholamines 470 development 188 presynaptic autoreceptors and elongation and elimination, primate heteroreceptors 469 brain 231-260 spontaneous 461 ensheathment, vagal transitional zone stimulated 462 target-deprived, regeneration 620 release from glial cells 74 pathological conditions 77 Baclofen, effect on GABA and taurine release from horizontal cells 72 release 467, 469 Basal ganglia, postural control 50 Catecholamines, modulation of GABA and Bats, cerebrovascular innervation 483-510 taurine release 470 Behaviour, intrastriatal striatal trans- Cation nonselective channel plants 631 Ca2+-dependent 218 Benextramine 149 muscarinic 220 Benzodiazepine receptors, in kainic nicotinic receptor-operated channels 219 acid-induced limbic seizures 329 Cations, effect on neurotransmitter Benztropine, effect on ketamine-induced release 70 linguo-pharyngeal events 576, 595 Cell death, cerebral cortical neurons 175 Blood-brain barrier Cell volume, role of taurine 473 age-related changes 606 Central tissue projection 266, 290 kainic acid-induced limbic seizures 329 Cerebellum Blood flow posture and movement 51 bat brain 483 primate, developmental events in kainic acid-induced limbic seizures 322 cortex 234 Blood pressure Cerebral ageing, oxidative damage 601-609 effect of neuropeptide Y 128 Cerebral cortex steroid/GABA, receptor interactions 389 neuropeptide Y 136 Blood vessels, CNS—PNS transitional primate, developmental events 233 zone 295 Cerebrovascular innervation, small Body scheme, posture 43 bats 483-510 Bradykinin, hyperalgesia 407 Cervical nodes, transitional zone 292 Brain-derived neurotrophic factor 251 C-fiber mechano-heat nociceptor 400 Brain-specific proteins, gene expression 528 sensitization 403 Brain stem Chemical irritants, hyperalgesia 399, 401 neuropeptide Y 143 Chick, development of serotoninergic onset of serotoninergic cells 109 system 93-123 Burns, hyperalgesia 398, 405 Chloride, taurine release and cell volume 473 Cholecystokinin, in brain correlation with other transmitter Calbindin 534 systems 246 Calcitonine gene-related peptide distribution in adult 245 immunoreactive nerves, bat cerebral gene expression 531 arteries 486, 496 i yhistochemistry 245, 246 Calcium ontogeny 245 accumulation in kainic acid-induced limbic radioimmunoassay 245 seizures 329 receptors 247 dependent cation nonselective channel 218 Cholinergic drugs, effect on ketamine-induced dependent plateau potential depolariza- linguo-pharyngeal events 576, 594 tion Circadian rhythm, effect on neuropeptide dependent potassium channel 216 dependent potassium current in supraoptic Clozapine, effect on ketamine-induced neurons 13 linguo-pharyngeal events 576, 595 desensitization 22 CNS-PNS transitional zone, rat 261-316 effect on excitatory amino acid evoked astrocytes 265 neurotransmitter release 66 central tissue projection asymmetry 290 effect on GABA and taurine release 464, cranial nerves 278, 308 466 development 303 independent release of amino acid morphometry 293 neurotransmitters 57-91 node density 290 intracellular sources and sodium Schwann cells 272 exchange 73 spinal nerves 276, 305 neuropeptide Y induced mobilization 129 structure 263 Calcium channel structure-function correlates 296 modulation by G proteins 207 supporting tissues 293 modulation via protein kinases 207 Cochlear nerve, transitional zone 281, 308 multiplicity and properties 204 Cold hyperalgesia 399, 400 Calcium channel blockers, effect on w-Conotoxin neurotransmitter release 68 effect on Ca2+ channels 208 Calcium chelators, effect on neurotransmitter effect on neurotransmitter release 71 release 58 Corticospinal axons Calcium currents, supraoptic neurons 10 development of spinal arbors 187 Capsaicin, cutaneous hyperalgesia 399, 409, emergence from cortex 176 411 fasciculation 177 Cardiovascular system, neuropeptide Y 128 guidance 178 B-Carotene, in brain 604 myelination 183 Carotid artery, bats 483 regeneration 195 Carrier proteins, amino acid neurotrans- reorganization of terminations during mitters 74 development 188 Corticospinal neurons translation system in brain 526 class 171 vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in primate cytodifferentiation 172 brain 249 generation 169 Diazepam, effect on GABA release 468 migration 171 Dihydropyridines, effect on neurotransmitter Corticospinal tract release 68 axonal elimination 183 Diurnal cycles, steroid/GABA, receptor development 176 interactions 387 experimentally induced changes in Dopamine, modulation of GABA and taurine development 195 release 470 regeneration 195 Dopamine- and adenosine 3’ ,5'-monophos- Cranial nerves, transitional zone phate regulated phosphoprotein 615, development 308 616, 625 morphology 278 Dopamine D2 receptor, gene expression 552 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease 516 Dyskinesia, ketamine-induced 571-600 Cushing’s disease 390 Cutaneous hyperalgesia characteristics 389 Electrical nerve stimulation, hyperalgesia 399 neuropathic pain 400, 413 Enclomiphene 430 primary, neural mechanisms 402 End-plate receptors referred, neural mechanisms 412 desensitization, factors affecting 21 secondary, neural mechanisms 408 desensitization mechanism 23 2’, 3'-Cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodies- desensitization model 27 terase 527 postsynaptic potentiation 19 gene expression 545 Enkephalin, in ventromedial hypothalamic neurons, estrogen induction 431 Enolases, neuron-specific 527, 528 D600, effect on neurotransmitter release 70 Equilibrium, movement and posture 35-56 Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate Erythromelagia 400 aggression 388 Estrogen behavioural effects 386 effects on ventromedial nucleus 426, 431, biosynthesis in brain 380 438 depression and anxiety 388 facilitation of lordosis behaviour 424 diurnal cycles 387 induced alterations in synaptic morphology GABA antagonist 382 inMCG 442 memory 389 Estrogen memory 429 personality traits 388 Excitatory amino acids recognition sites at GABA, receptor 383 effect on GABA and taurine release 466 Demyelinating processes 511-521 evoked release of amino acid Dendritic arbors, corticospinal neurons 172 neurotransmitters 66 Deoxyribonucleic acid Excitotoxins, striatal lesions 512, 633 cloning of neuron-specific proteins 528 Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis 516 dopamine D2 receptor 552 GABA receptors 550 Deoxyribonucleic acid-ribonucleic acid saturation hybridization 523 Facial nerve, transitional zone 281 Depression, steroid/GABA, receptor Feedforward stabilization 40 interactions 387 Feeding, steroid/GABA, receptor Desensitization interactions 389 acetylcholine 21 Ferritin, antioxidant activity in brain 603 factors affecting 21 Flexion-extension reflexes, interneurones 357 Katz-Theslett model 26 Food intake, effect of neuropeptide Y 140 mechanism 23 Free radicals, cerebral aging 601, 605 physiological significance 28 Fusimotor neurones 344 two-states model 27 Development calcium dependency of neurotransmitter Ganglioside GM1, protection against oxidative release 72 damage in brain 604 cholecystokinin in primate brain 245 GAP-43 177 CNS-PNS transitional zone 303 Gastrointestinal tract, neuropeptide Y 133 corticospinal tract 176-196 Gene expression in CNS cells 523-569 GABA and taurine release 471 cell-free translation system 526 nerve growth factor in primate brain 252 DNA cloning of neuron-specific neuropeptide Y in primate brain 250 proteins 528 neurotensin in primate brain 251 dopamine receptors 552 primate brain 233 GABA receptors 550 serotoninergic system in chick brain 93-123 RNA complexity 523 somatostatin in primate brain 236 Genetically manipulated cells, intrastriatal substance P in primate brain 247 striatal transplants 634 Glial cells development of positive fibres in spinal influence on development of corticospinal cord 102, 105 tract 178, 182 positive fibres in specific motor neuron neurosteroid biosynthesis 380 pools 118 role of 73 Hyperalgesia, cutaneous Glial fibrillary acidic protein 178 characteristics 389 gene expression 544 neuropathic pain 413 Glial islands 310 primary, neural mechanisms 402 Glucocorticoids referred, neural mechanisms 412 effect on reactive oxygen species formation secondary, neural mechanisms 408 in brain Hypoglossal nerve, transitional zone 289 interaction with GABA, receptor 382 Hypoglycemia, effect on neurotransmitter Glucose, utilization in kainic acid-induced release 77 limbic seizures 322 Hypothalamus Glutamate neuropeptide Y 140 effect on GABA and taurine release 466 vasopressin neurons 1-17 intracellular compartmentation 72 VMN neurons in effect of estrogen on release in pathological conditions 77 lordosis behaviour 423-453 Glutamatergic agents, amino acid neurotransmitter release 65 Glutathione, antioxidant activity in brain 604 Ibotenic acid, striatal lesions 612, 633 Glycoproteins, in PNS myelin 511, 514 Interneurons, proprioceptors 336 G protein distribution 339 K+ channel activation 213 dominating input from Ib afferents 347 modulation of Ca2+ channel 207 dominating input from group II muscle postsynaptic potentiation 20 spindle afferents 352 Graft-host connections, intrastriatal striatal functional subdivision 341 transplants 616, 624 Ia inhibitory 343 Gramicidin D, effect on neurotransmitter morphology 340 release 67 multimodal input 341 Growth hormone, effect on neuropeptide Y network of neurons 362 on release of 142 patterns of convergence 338 Guillain-Barré disease 514 presynaptic inhibition 359 selection 342 target cells 337, 345, 350, 354, 361 Intestine, neuropeptide Y 134 Haloperidol Intraperiod line demyelination 513 effect on GABA and taurine release 468, Intrastriatal striatal transplants 611-639 470 afferent connections from host brain 616 effect on ketamine-induced linguo- behavioural effects 631 pharyngeal events 580 clinical perspectives 634 He90481 149 donor tissue dissection and Heart implantation 613 Ca2+ channel 207 efferents to host brain 625 K+ channels 210 excitotoxin lesions 612 neuropeptide Y 128, 131 internal organization 614 neuropeptide Y receptors 131 Ion channels, modulation by somatostatin and Heat injury, cutaneous hyperalgesia 398, acetylcholine 203-230 400, 403, 405 Ionic conductances, plateau potential Hepatogenic encephalopathy, neurotransmitter activity 9 i release 77 Ionophores, effect on neurotransmitter Hippocampus release 67 kainic acid induced seizures 318 Ion transport, intestine, effect of neuropeptide neuropeptide Y 136, 146 primate, development 235 Iron Horseradish peroxidase, retrograde labelling in brain, age-related changes 605 techniques 95, 96 reactive oxygen species formation in Host-graft connections, intrastriatal striatal brain 602 transplants 616, 624 Ischaemia Huntingdon’s disease 612 effect on neurotransmitter release 77 animal model 613 formation of reactive oxygen species 603 intrastriatal striatal transplants 634 5-Hydroxytryptamine development of immunoreactive cells and Jaw movements 589, 596 fibres in brain 99 development of positive cells in brain Kainic acid stem 109 effect on GABA and taurine release 466 development of positive cells in spinal induced limbic seizures 317-334 cord 100 striatal lesions 612 Katz-Thesleff model, receptor Motoneurons desensitization 26 Ia inhibitory interneurons 345 Ketamine-induced linguo-pharyngeal Ib interneurons 348 events 571, 593 Movement 35 effect of cholinergic and anticholinergic anticipatory postural adjustment 36, 38 drugs 576, 594 basal ganglia and premotor areas 50 effect of clozapine 576, 595 cerebellum 51 effect of haloperidol 580 coordination with posture 49 effect of lesions 574 equilibrium 37 effect of metoclopramide 576, 595 Miller cells, GABA release 74 effect of neuroleptics 574 Multiple sclerosis, demyelination role of cortex 575, 594 processes 516 tongue contractions 589, 596 Muscarinic cation nonselective channels 220 unitary correlates 579, 596 Muscarinic receptors Kidney, neuropeptide Y 132 Ca2+-dependent K+ currents 217 cation nonselective channel 219 modulation of anomalously rectifying K+ Leg movements, equilibrium control 39 channel 211 Leukotriene B4, cutaneous hyperalgesia 408 Muscle-specific enolase 531 Limbic seizures, kainic acid induced 317-334 Myelin Linguo-pharyngeai events, ketamine- 2’,3’-cyclic nucleotide induced 571-600 3'-phosphodiesterase 545 Lipofuscin, age-related changes in brain 605 proteins 511 Locomotor function, effect of Myelin-associated glycoprotein 512, 514 neuropeptide Y 142 gene expression 548 Long-term potentiation 21 Myelinating Schwann cells 272 Lordosis behaviour Myelination, corticosponal axons 183 estrogen effects 426, 429, 438, 442 Myelin basic proteins 512, 514 hormone effects in ventromedial Myelin sheath, demyelinating nucleus 426 processes 512-517 long-term facilitation 424, 438 neural circuit for 424 neuropeptides in ventromedial nucleus Neostriatum, primate, development 235 neurons 431 Nerve growth factor protein trafficking in ventromedial nucleus primate brain 251 neurons 429 correlation with cholinergic system 253 synaptic effects in ventromedial nucleus and distribution in adult 252 midbrain central gray 432 ontogeny 252 Lumbar nodes, transitional zone 291 receptors 253 Luteinizing hormone, effect of neuropeptide Y ventromedial hypothalamic neurons 437 on release of 142 Nerve injury, hyperalgesia 400 Neural transplantation 612, 634 Neuritis, demyelination 514 Magnesium, effect on excitatory amino acid Neuroblastoma cells evoked release of Ca2+ channel 206 neurotransmitters 60, 66 neuropeptide Y receptors 147, 150 Magnocellular neurons, passive membrane Neuroendocrine functions, effect of properties 2 neuropeptide Y 142 Maiotoxin 77 Neurofilament protein 527 Major dense line demyelination 513, 515 Neurogenesis, primate brain 233 Memory, steroid/GABA, receptor Neuroleptic-induced perioral movements 589 interactions 389 Neuroleptics, effect on ketamine-induced Menstrual cycle, steroid/GABA, receptor linguo-pharyngeal events 574, 580, 593 interactions 389 Neurons, elimination, primates 234 Meproadifen 23 Neuron-specific enolases, gene Metoclopromide, effect on ketamine-induced expression 527, 528 linguo-pharyngeal events 576, 595 Neuron-specific proteins N-Methyl-D-aspartate, role in cholecystokinin 531 ketamine-induced linguo-pharnyngeal neuron-specific enolase 527, 528 events 579, 595 14-3-3 protein 535 Midbrain central gray, synaptic effects in spot 35 527, 533 mediation of lordosis behaviour 432 Neuropathic pain 400, 413 MK-801, induced linguo-pharyngeal Neuropeptides events 578, 595 onogeny in primate brain 231-260 Monesin, effect on neurotransmitter synthesis in ventromedial nucleus release 67 neurons 431 Monoaminergic afferents, intrastriatal striatal Neuropeptide Y transplants 620 adrenal gland 132 Motor neuron pools, 5-HT positive fibres 118 airways 127 cardiovascular system 128 2’ ,3’-cyclic nucleotide CNS 135 3'-phosphodiesterase 545 colocalization with somatostatin 244 myelin-associated glycoprotein 548 gastrointestinal tract 133 Osmoregulation, role of taurine 472 immunoreactive nerves to bat cerebral Ouabain, effect on GABA and taurine arteries 485, 495 release 464, 467 kidney 132 Ovariectomy, lordosis behaviour 425 primate brain, ontogeny 250 Oxidative damage, cerebral aging 601-609 sigma receptor interaction 151 structure 126 structure-activity relationships 147 Pain, cutaneous hyperalgesia 397-421 urogenital tract 132 ; central nociceptive neurons 401 Neuropeptide Y receptors neuropathic 413 airways 127 primary nociceptive afferents 400 antagonists 149 referred 399 biochemical characteristics 150 Pancreas, neuropeptide Y 134 cardiovascular system 128, 130, 131 Parkinson’s disease CNS 135, 145 anticipatory postural adjustments 51 food intake 141 antioxidant therapy 604 intestinal epithelial cells 135 neural transplantation 634 kidney 132 Pentobarbital, effect on GABA release 467 neuroblastoma cell lines 147 Personality traits, steroid/GABA, receptor stomach 133 interactions 388 structure-activity relationships 147 Phasic activity, vasopressin neurons 4 urogenital tract _1 32 Phenacemide, effect on GABA and taurine Neurosteroids release 468 behavioural effects of GABA-modulatory Phenylalkylamines, effect on neurotransmitter steroids 385 release 70 biosynthesis 380 Phospholipases, reactive oxygen species GABA-agonistic 381, 385 formation in brain 602 GABA-antagonistic 382, 386 Physostigmine salicylate, effect on GABA, receptor interactions 386 ketamine-induced linguo-pharyngeal recognition sites at GABA, receptor 383 events 576, 595 Neurotensin, primate brain 251 Pituitary, neuropeptide Y binding sites 142 Neurotransmitters Plateau potentials, vasopressin neurons 5 amino acid, Ca2+-independent Postsynaptic potentiation 19 release 57-91 Posture release in cardiovascular system, effect of anticipatory adjustments 36, 42, 44 neuropeptide Y 130 body scheme 43 release in hypothalamus, effect of central organisation 48 neuropeptide Y 143 equilibrium maintenance 38, 42 Neurotropic factors, primate brain 251 fixed versus flexible synergies 44 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, modular approach 37 desensitization 23 reactional adjustments 37, 44 Nicotinic receptor-operated channels 219 stabilization of position 40 Nifedipine, effect on neurotransmitter Potassium release 69 desensitization 22 Nigericin, effect on neurotransmitter stimulated GABA release 463 release 67 stimulated taurine release 462, 463, 466 Nipecotic acid, effect on GABA release 76, Potassium channel 210 461 Achannel 217 Nitrendipine, effect on neurotransmitter anomalously rectifying 210 release 69 Ca2+-dependent 216 Nociceptive afferents 400 M channel 215 sensitization 403, 404, 406 multiplicity and properties 210, 215, 216 Nociceptive neurons, central 401 receptor-mediated modulation 211, 215, Nociceptive system, hyperalgesia 397-421 218 Nocifensor nerves transduction mechanisms 213 Node density, transitional zone 291 Potassium channel blockers, effect on Non-neuronal enolase 527 neurotransmitter release 71 Noradrenaline Potassium currents, supraoptic neurons 11 containing nerves, bat cerebral Pregnancy, steroid/GABA, receptor arteries 485, 495 interactions 388 effect of neuropeptide Y on release of 143 Pregnenolone sulfate effect on GABA release 471 behavioural effects 386 biosynthesis in brain 380 depression and anxiety 388 Oculomotor nerve 278 diurnal cycles 387 Oligodendroglial cells GABA antagonist 382 recognition sites at GABA, receptor 383 Retrograde labelling techniques 96 sexual function 388 Rhythmic activity, ia inhibitory stress 387 interneurons 347 Premotor areas, postural control 51 Ribonucleic acid, complexity in brain 523 Presynaptic autoreceptors, GABA 469 cell-free translation system 526 Presynaptic inhibition, interneurones 359 Ribonucleic acid polymerases, brain Primary afferent depolarization, nuclei 524 interneurones 359 Rol5-1788, binding in kainic acid-induced Primate brain, ontogeny of limbic seizures 329 neuropeptides 231-260 Rootlets, transitional zone 293 Progesterone development 305 behavioural effects 386 cognitive functions 389 metabolism in brain 380 Schwann cells, transitional zone 272, 310 Progesterone receptor, ventromedial Seizures hypothalamic neurons, estrogen reactive oxygen species in brain 603 induction 431 steroid/GABA, receptor interactions 389 Prolactin, expression in ventromedial Senescence, oxidative damage in brain 606 hypothalamic neurons 431 Sensitization, cutaneous hyperalgesia 402, Proprioceptors, interneurones 411 distribution 339 Serotoninergic system, development in chick functional subdivision 341 brain and spinal cord 93-123 Ia inhibitory 343 Sexual behaviour, effects of estrogen 425 morphology 340 Sexual function, steroid/GABA, receptor motor synergies 347 interactions 388 multimodal input 341 Sigma receptors, neuropeptide Y network of neurons 362 interaction 151 selection 342 Skin, hyperalgesia 397-421 Prostaglandins, heat hyperalgesia 407 Slow potentials 8 Prostigmine, desensitization 23 Sodium Protein kinase C effect on excitatory amino acid-evoked Ca2+ channel current 207 release of neurotransmitters 59, 66, 76 role in GABA release 467 effect on GABA and taurine release from Protein kinases, modulation of Ca2+ brain slices 463 channels 207 Sodium/calcium exchange 73 Proteins Sodium currents, supraoptic neurons 10 14-3-3, gene expression 535 Sodium pump, effect of reactive oxygen astroglial cells 527 species 603 2’ ,3’-cyclic nucleotide Somatostatin 3'-phosphodiesterase 527, 545 effect on anomalously rectifying K+ glial fibrillary acidic protein 544 channel 212 myelin-associated glycoprotein 548 effect on Ca2+ channel 207 S-100, gene expression 537 effect on nicotinic current 219 synthesis in brain, cell-free translation modulation of M K+ channel 215 systems 527 primate brain Proteolipids, myelin 511 correlation with other transmitter PYX1 and PYX2 149 systems 244 distribution in adult 236 gene for 243 Reactional postural adjustments 37, 44 immunohistochemistry 236, 238 Reactive oxygen species 601 ontogeny 237 age-related alterations 604 radioimmunoassay 236, 237 aging 606 receptors 244 excess formation in brain 603 Spastics, postural networks 48 mitigation of cerebral oxidative stress 603 Spike triggered averaging 337 properties and measurement 602 Spinal arbors, corticospinal axons, Recurrent inhibition, Ia inhibitory development 187 interneurones 345 Spinal cord Referred hyperalgesia 399, 412 development of 5-HT positive cells 100 Referred pain 399 development of 5-HT positive fibres 102 Reflexes, interneurones 347, 357 distribution of 5-HT positive fibres in chick Regeneration after hatching 105 corticospinal tract 195 5-HT pathway formation 100 target-deprived CNS axons 620 neuropeptide Y 145 Renshaw cells, Ia inhibitory interneurons 345 transient increase in density of 5-HT Reperfusion injury, formation of reactive fibres 117 oxygen species 603 Spinal interneurons 336 Respiratory movement 38 Spinal motor nuclei, distribution of 5-HT Respiratory tract, neuropeptide Y 127 positive fibres 106 Spinal nerves, transitional zone Tetrahydroprogesterone development 305 behavioural effects 386 morphology 276 cognitive functioning 390 Spot 35 527 GABA agonist 381 gene expression 533 pregnancy 389 Steroidogenesis, defects in 390 stress 387 Steroids, CNS, modulators of GABA, Tetrodotoxin, effect on neurotransmitter receptor 379-395 release 68 Stomach, neuropeptide Y 133 Thalamus, input to striatal implants 619 Stress, steroid/GABA, receptor Thienyl-cyclohexyl-piperidine, induced interactions 387 linguo-pharyngeal events 589 Striatal excitotoxin lesion model 612 a-Tocopherol, in brain 604 Striatal transplants 612 Tongue contractions, ketamine afferent connections from host brain 616 induced 571-600 behavioural effects 631 Trachea, neuropeptide Y 127 clinical perspectives 634 Transitional zone 261-316 donor tissue dissection and astrocytes 265 implantation 613 central tissue projection asymmetry 290 efferents to host brain 625 cranial nerves 278, 308 internal organization 614 development 303 Striatum, neuropeptide Y 136 morphometry 293 Substance P node density 290 effect on nicotinic current 219 Schwann cells 272 hyperalgesia 409 spinal nerves 276, 305 immunoreactive nerves, bat cerebral structure 263 arteries 486, 496 structure-function correlates 296 primate brain supporting tissue 293 correlation with other transmitter Transplants, intrastriatal 611-639 systems 249 Trigeminal nerve, transitional zone 281 distribution in adult 247 Trochlear nerve, transitional zone 281 immunohistochemistry 247, 248 Tympanic cavity, bats 483 ontogeny 248 radioimmunoassay 247, 248 Substance P fibres, in spinal cord during Urogenital tract, neuropeptide Y 132 development 117, 118 Subtantia nigra, primate, development 235 Superoxide anion, formation in brain 602 Supplementary area, postural control 51 Vagal transitional zone Supraoptic neurons astrocytes 266 membrane properties 3 development 309 voltage-dependent ionic currents from 10 morphology 282 Sympathetically maintained pain 413 Valinomycin, effect on neurotransmitter Synapsin I 20 release 67 Synaptogenesis, primate brain 234, 235 Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactive nerves to bat cerebral arteries 485, 495 Taltrimide, effect on GABA and taurine primate brain release 468 correlation with other transmitter Tardive dyskinesia, ketamine-induced rat systems 250 model 571-600 distribution in adult 249 Taurine, release from brain slices 455 gene for 250 developmental changes 471 immunohistochemistry 249, 250 drug effects 467 ontogeny 250 effect of excitatory amino acids and radioimmunoassay 249, 250 agonists 466 Vasoconstriction, neuropeptide Y 128 methodology 456 Vasodilation, cutaneous hyperalgesia 409 modulation by catecholamines 471 Vasopressin neurons presynaptic autoreceptors and action potentials 4 heteroreceptors 469 ionic conductances 9 regulation of cell volumes 472 passive membrane properties 2 spontaneous 461 phasic activity 4 stimulated 462 plateau potential 5 Temperature, desensitization 21 potassium currents 11 Tetanus toxin, effect on GABA and taurine sodium and calcium currents 10 release 468 Ventromedial hypothalamic neurons, lordosis Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone behaviour 424 behavioural effects 386 estrogen effects 426 pregnancy 389 morphological correlates 438 stress 387 neuropeptide synthesis 431