Post-Communist Romania Also by Duncan Light ANGLO-ROMANIAN GEOGRAPHIES (co-editor with Daniela Dumbra˘veanu-Andone) Also by David Phinnemore ASSOCIATION: STEPPING-STONE OR ALTERNATIVE TO EU MEMBERSHIP? EUROPEAN UNION AND EUROPEAN COMMUNITY: A Handbook and Commentary on the Post-Maastricht Treaties (with Clive H. Church) Post-Communist Romania Coming to Terms with Transition Edited by Duncan Light Lecturer in Geography Liverpool Hope University College and David Phinnemore Lecturer in European Integration Institute of European Studies The Queen’s University of Belfast Editorial matter, selection, Introduction and Conclusion © Duncan Light and David Phinnemore 2001 Chapter 3 © Duncan Light 2001 Chapter 12 © David Phinnemore 2001 Chapters 1, 2, 4–11, 13 © Palgrave Publishers Ltd 2001 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2001 978-0-333-79187-5 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 0LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2001 by PALGRAVE Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE is the new global academic imprint of St. Martin’s Press LLC Scholarly and Reference Division and Palgrave Publishers Ltd (formerly Macmillan Press Ltd). ISBN 978-1-349-41908-1 ISBN 978-0-333-97791-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780333977910 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Post-Communist Romania / edited by Duncan Light and David Phinnemore. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Post-communism—Romania. 2. Romania—Politics and government– –1989– 3. Romania—Economic policy—1989– 4. Romania—Foreign relations. I. Light, Duncan, 1965– II. Phinnemore, David. DR268 .P67 2000 330.9498'032—dc21 00–042209 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 Contents Figures vii Tables viii Contributors x Acknowledgements xiv Abbreviations xv Introduction 1 David Phinnemore and Duncan Light Part I The Legacy of the Past 1 The Revolution after the Revolution 15 Peter Siani-Davies 2 Ghosts from the Past: Successors to the Securitate in Post-Communist Romania 35 Dennis Deletant 3 Tourism and Romania’s Communist Past: Coming to Terms with an Unwanted Heritage 59 Duncan Light Part II Accommodating Pluralism 4 The Ciorbea Government and Democratization: a Preliminary Assessment 79 Michael Shafir 5 Nationalism and Romanian Political Culture in the 1990s 104 Tom Gallagher Part III Coming to Terms with the Market 6 The Transition to a Market Economy in Romania and the Competitiveness of Exports 127 Alan Smith 7 Regional Inequalities and Regional Development in Post-Communist Romania 150 David Turnock v vi Contents 8 Agricultural Restructuring in Transylvania in the Post-Communist Period 175 Nigel Swain and Mária Vincze 9 Economic Transition and Urban Industrial Employment in Post-Communist Romania 191 Ioan Ianos¸ 10 The Challenge of Privatization: the Tourist Accommodation Industry in Transition 207 Daniela Dumbr˘aveanu 11 Small- and Medium-sized Enterprises and Total Quality Management: Experiences in Post-Communist Romania 224 Bogdan Rusu Part IV Europe and the Challenge of Integration 12 Romania and Euro-Atlantic Integration since 1989: a Decade of Frustration? 245 David Phinnemore 13 Romania and the Black Sea Economic Cooperation: Leaning towards the East or the West? 270 Ines Hartwig Conclusion: the Challenges to Come? 288 Duncan Light and David Phinnemore Index 296 Figures 7.1 The counties and macro-regions of Romania 151 11.1 The key features of TQM 228 11.2 Characteristics of traditional and process-oriented managers 230 vii Tables 3.1 Sites in Bucharest associated with Communism or the Romanian revolution covered in the four guidebooks 62 4.1 A typology of state-, nation- and democracy-building strategies in multinational polities 93 6.1 Principal macroeconomic indicators and trade and payments data, 1990–8 130 6.2 Romanian export performance in the transition in a comparative context 138 6.3 Commodity structure of Romanian and CEE-4 exports to EU-15 in 1996 140 6.4 Technology and factor composition of EU-15 imports of manufactured goods in 1996 (in per cent) 142 6.5 Changes in the resource composition of exports of manufactured goods from former CMEA economies to the EU-12 between 1988 and 1994 (in per cent) 144 6.6 Factor content of Romanian exports of manufactured goods to the EU-12 (ECU m.) 145 6.7 EU imports of manufactured goods from Romania through outward processing arrangements (ECU m.) 146 7.1 Percentage change in salaried employment, unemployment and criminality, 1990–5 156 7.2 Provision of services by region 158 7.3 Demographic and population indicators, 1995 160 7.4 Inter-regional migration, 1995 162 7.5 Agricultural production, 1994–5 164 7.6 Characteristics of farm holdings 165 8.1 The structure of Romanian agriculture in 1989 178 viii Tables ix 8.2 The structure of Romanian agriculture in 1995 179 8.3 Size distribution of private farms in Romania in 1995 180 9.1 The state of privatization in the consumable goods industry (March 1998) 195 9.2 Urban industrial employment in the period 1990–6 196 9.3 Urbanization levels and urban industrial employment by county, 1996 202