PLANNING AND NGISED FO ,SDAOR ,SDLEIFRIA AND STROPILEH IN THE ., : ‘. RETAEHT FO -SNOITAREPO :: .: ROAD NGISED .: : . . NOITUBIRTSID RESTRICTION: devorppA for public release; distribution is unlimited. DROWEROF This publication may be used by the US Army and US Air Force during training, exercises, and contingency operations. FREDERICK M. FRANKS, JR MERRILL A. MCPEAK General, USA General, USAF Commanding General Chief of Staff United States Army Training and Doctrine Command *FM 5-430-00- 1 +AFJPAM 32-8013. Vol I -- Field Manual Headquarters No. 5-430-00- 1 Department of the Army Air Force Joint Pamphlet Department of the Air Force No. 32-8013. Vol I Washington, DC, 26 August 1994 GNINNALP DNA DESIGN OF ,SDAOR ,SDLEIFRIA DNA HELIPORTS NI THE THEATER OF DAOR-SNOITAREPO DESIGN ELBAT OF CONTENTS Volume I Page PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..v CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l- 1 General Information ....................................................... 1- 1 Basic Planning Considerations in the Theater of Operations. ...................... 1- 1 Airfield Construction ...................................................... l-2 Road Construction ........................................................ l-2 EngineeringStudy ........................................................ l-3 CHAPTER2. SITESELECTIONANDRECONNAISSANCE...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-l LocationFactors..........................................................2- 1 Reconnaissance ........................................................... 2-5 Route and Road Reconnaissance. ........................................... 2- 11 Engineer Reconnaissance. ................................................. 2-14 Airfield Reconnaissance ................................................... 2- 14 CHAPTER 3. SURVEYS AND EARTHWORK OPERATIONS . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . , , . . . . . a . . . . 3-l Construction Surveys, ..................................................... 3- 1 ConstructionStakes.. .................................................... -3-3 TheMassDiagram ....................................................... 3-19 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release: distribution is unlimited. sihT* noitacilbup rehtegot htiw MF MAPJFAY-00-034-5 32-8013, loV ,II 29 rebmetpeS 1994 sedesrepus MF RFA/561-5 86-13, 29 tsuguA 1975, MF 5-335,2 rebmeceD 1985 dna MT MFA/O33-5 83-6, loV 1, 8 rebmetpeS 1968. FM MAPJFA/l-OO-034-5 ,3108-23 loV I . . . . . . . . . . ..., :.:.:.:..: : . . . . . . .‘ : ’:.‘:.. . .... CHAPTER 4. CLEARING, GRUBBING, AND STRIPPING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-l d Forest Types and Environmental Conditions ................................... 4-l Preparation .............................................................. 4-2 Clearing Considerations. ................................................... 4-4 Performance Techniques ................................................... 4-6 CHAPTER 5. SUBGRADES AND BASE COURSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-l Design Considerations ..................................................... 5- 1 Subgrades ............................................................... 5-4 Select Materials and Subbase Courses. ....................................... 5-8 BaseCourse ............................................................ 5-10 CHAPI-ERG. DRAINAGE......................................................6-1 SECTION I. Construction Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-l Preliminary Measures. ..................................................... 6- 1 Drainage Hydrology ....................................................... 6-4 The hpargordyH .......................................................... 6-9 Drainage-System Design .................................................. 6- 11 Design Procedures ....................................................... 6- 11 Estimating Runoff Using the Rational Method. ................................ 6-22 SECTION II. Open-Channel Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-38 Design Factors.. ........................................................ 6-38 - Design Considerations .................................................... 6-45 Design Techniques ....................................................... 6-46 SECTION III. Culverts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . 6-59 Culvert Types and Designs ................................................ 6-59 PondingAreas ........................................................... 6-84 Drop Inlets and Gratings. ................................................. 6-89 Subsurface Drainage ..................................................... 6-92 SECTION IV. Surface Drainage Design in Arctic and Subarctic Regions. . . . . . . . . . . 6-102 Fords, Dips, Causeways, and Bridges. ...................................... 6-107 ErosionControl ........................................................ 6-114 Nonuse Areas and Open Channels ......................................... 6-l 15 trevluC steltuO ......................................................... 6-124 CHAPTER 7. SOILS TRAFFICABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . 7-1 Basic Trafficability Factors ................................................. 7-2 Critical Layer ............................................................ 7-3 Instruments and Tests for Trafficability. ...................................... 7-3 Measuring Trafficability. ................................................... 7-5 Application of Trafficability Procedures in Fine-Grained Soils and Remoldable Sands. ............................................. 7- 11 J ii FM MAPJFA/l-OO-034-5 ,3108-23 loV I Self-Propelled, Tracked Vehicles and All-Wheel-Drive Vehicles Negotiating Slopes. .............................................. 7- 11 ‘- Operation in Coarse-Grained Soils .......................................... 7-26 Trafficability Data. ....................................................... 7-27 Soil-Trafficability Classification. ............................................ 7-36 CHAPTER 8. MAINTENANCE, REPAIR, AND REHABILITATION OF ROADS, AIRFIELDS, AND HELIPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-l Maintenance and Repair Considerations. ...................................... 8- 1 Maintenance and Repair Operations. ......................................... 8-2 Road Maintenance ........................................................ 8-9 Airfield and Heliport Maintenance. .......................................... 8- 17 CHAPTER 9. ROAD DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-l Geometric Design ......................................................... 9-l VerticalAlignment ....................................................... 9-18 Structural Design. ....................................................... 9-27 Spray Applications and Expedient-Surfaced Roads ............................. 9-30 Use of Polymer Cells (Sand Grid) to Build Roads in Sandy Soils ................................................... 9-36 Surface Treatments ..................................................... 9-41 Construction Methods ................................................... 9-49 General Road Structural Design ........................................... 9-58 emuloV II CHAPTER 10. PRELIMINARY PLANNING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . lo- 1 Mission Assignment ...................................................... 10-l Classlficatton ............................................................ 10-5 Construction ............................................................ 10-8 CI-IAPI’ER 11. AIRCRAFT CHARACTERISTICS AND AIRFIELD DESIGN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 l-l Aircraft Characteristics ................................................... 1 l- 1 Correlation of Army and Air Force Terminology. ............................... 11-l Airfield Design ........................................................................................................ . AidstoNavigation.. ~!:I*:.. y SpecialAirffelds ........................................................ 11-50 CHAPTER 12. AIRFIELD PAVEMENT DESIGN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1 Airfield Structure Type. 12-1 Expedient-Surfaced Airfie ....................................................................l......................ds : : : : 12-8 Aggregate-Surfaced Airfields .............................................. 12-22 Flexible-Pavement Airfields ............................................... 12-35 Special Design Considerations. ............................................ 12-43 Evaluation of Airfield Pavements ........................................... 12-50 - Pavement and Airfield Classification Numbers ................................ 12-61 . . . III FM MAPJFA/l-OO00345 ,3108-23 loV I ...: .’:.::‘.“.>:-‘::. ’,” : ‘:‘::‘:‘: :..‘,.:.” ..‘.‘.. ...,:,:;,..“ .“ ....,. .. ..:,..‘: : : ;:y;“:’c: ;::: .:.,:/.:.:::::::::::::.::~:.,.:.~:~:::::::: :.~:::::::~::::::~:: .;:;~:::::~::~::~:: ~.:::.~:~.:.;.;.~:.: ..:.:.:.:.~.:.:.:.‘ ..i:.‘.‘.‘ .:‘.‘ ,.,. ,. . . . :.:. : :.: : : : : : : : : : ,,.../... : . ...._.. ,,, ,,,,(_,(,,,,,,, ...,.,,,,, ,.,., .., ;_:.:. ,.,. ,., ,_,, .,. :.,~, ...,.:.:.,.:.: ,.,....:., (.. . . . . .I . . ,. . . . . .. . CHAPTER 13. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF HELIPORTS AND HELIPADS. ........ 13-1 Types of Helicopters. ..................................................... 13-1 Heliport vpes, Design Criteria, and Layout. .................................. 13-1 Design of Heliport and Helipad Surfaces .................................... 13- 15 Design of Unsurfaced Heliports. ........................................... 13- 15 Mat- and Membrane-Surfaced Heliports and Helipads. ......................... 13-21 Thickness Design Procedure .............................................. 13-23 Special Design Considerations. ............................................ 13-27 Marking and Lighting of Heliports and Helipads .............................. 13-27 Helipads in Heavily Forested Areas ......................................... 13-32 CHAPTER 14. FORTIFICATIONS FOR PARKED ARMY AIRCRAFT .................... 14- 1 Aircraft Fortifications ..................................................... 14- 1 Maintenance. Repairs. and Improvements ................................... 14-48 APPENDIX A. METRIC CONVERSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . A-l APPENDIX B. GEOTEXTILE FORMULAS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . B-l APPENDIX C. HYDROLOGIC AND HYDRAULIC TABLES AND CURVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-l APPENDIX D. CONE INDEX REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . D- 1 APPENDIX E. SOIL-TRAFFICABILITY TEST SET. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-l APPENDIX F. CURVE TABLES. . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-l & APPENDIX G. FROST DESIGN FOR ROADS , . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-l APPENDIX H. GEOTEX’HLE DESIGN, . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-l APPENDIX I. AIRFIELD CONE PENETROMETER . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-l APPENDIX J. DESCRIPTION AND APPLICATION OF DUALMASS DYNAMIC CONE PENETROMETER...............................................,....,....J-l APPENDIX K. FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT EVALUATION CURVES. . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . , , . . . . . K-l APPENDIX L. MAT REQUIREMENT TABLES FOR AIRFIELDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . , . L- 1 APPENDIX M. MAT REQUIREMENT TABLES FOR HELIPADS AND HELIPORTS . , . . , , . . M-l APPENDLXN. MEMBRANESANDMATS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..,....,,..... . N-l APPENDIX 0. PAVEMENT CLASSIFICATION NUMBER GRAPHS . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O-l APPENDIXP. BALLISTIC DATA.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P-l GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . . . . Glossary-l REFERENCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . , . . . , . , . . . . . . . . . References- 1 ii . . ::, .:. ,:., ,.. . . ... . . ,.. . . . .. .. . / .:.,., :., . . ,:. .. . . . . .:.:.:.. :. . . . . . . . . . . . . :.. :: :. :. :.. .:. ::j.j ,.,.::, FM MAPJFA/l-OO-034-5 ,3108-23 loV I i,)i:: i :::. :,,.:,: ,...,: ..;..., T:,,y:::,j ::;:.,Y. ,.:.:.::.,,:.. . . . ECAFERP Field Manual (FM) 5-430 is intended for use dardization Program, Forti@ationfor as a training guide and reference text for en- Parked Aircrajt. gineer personnel responsible for planning, . North Atlantic Treaty Organization designing, and constructing roads, airfields, (NATO) Standardization Agreement and heliports in the theater of operations (STANAG) 3 158 Airfield Markfng and (To). Lighting (AML) (Edition 4). Day Marking of Airjleld Runways and Taxiways. FM 5-430 is divided into two separate vol- umes to make it more user-fiend@. FM 5- . STANAG 2929, AirJieZd Damage Repair. 430-00-1 /AFPAM 328013, Vol 1, Road De- . STANAG 3346 AML (Edition 4). Marking sign, encompasses Chapters 1 through 9 and Lighting of Airjeld Obstructions. and Appendices A through H. FM 5-430-00- . STANAG 3601 Air Transport (TN) (Edi- 2/AFJPAM 32-8013, Vol II, Airfield and Heli- port Design, encompasses Chapters 10 tion 3). Criteria for Selection and Mark- ing of Landing Zones for Fixed Wing through 14 and Appendices I through P. Transport Aircraft. FM 5-430-00-l/AFPAM 32-8013, Vol 1 is a . STANAG 3619 AML (Edition 2) (Amend- stand-alone volume for the design of TO ment 2). Helipad Marking. roads. This volume also serves as a de- . STANAG 3652 AML (Amendment 3). Heli- tailed description of fnformation common to pad fighting, VisuaZ Meteorological Con- both roads and an-fields, such as site selec- di tions (VMC). tion, survey and earthwork, clearing and grubbing, base and subbase courses, and . STANAG 3685 AML, Air-eld Portable drainage. Marking. FM 5-430-00-2/AFJPAM 328013, Vol II This publication applies to the Air National serves as the basis for airfield and heliport Guard (ANG) when published in the Na- design. It discusses the complete process tional Guard Regulation (NGR) (AF) O-2. of airfield and heliport construction from the preliminary investigations, through de- This publication, together with FM 5-430-00- sign criteria, to the final project layout and 2/AFJPAM 32-8013, Vol II: Airfield and Heli- construction techniques. It is not a stand- port Design (to be published), will super- alone volume. FM 5-430-00- 1 /AFPAM 32- sede TM 5-330/AFM 86-3, Volume II, 8 Sep- 8013, Vol 1 contains much of the informa- tember 1968 and FM 5-165/AFP 86-13. 29 tion required to design the substructure of August 1975. an airfield or a heliport. The proponent for this publication is the The material in this manual applies to all US Army Engineer School (USAES). Send comments and recommendations on Depart- levels of engineer involvement in the TO. The manual is intended to be used by ment of the Army (DA) Form 2028 (Recom- United States (US) Army Corps of Engineers mended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) directly to- personnel. Commandant The provisions of this publication are the US Army Engineer School subject of the following international agree- ATSE-TDM ments: Fort Leonard Wood, MO 65473-5000. Quadripartlte Standardization Agree- Unless this publication states otherwise, l ment (QSTAG) 306. American-British- masculine nouns and pronouns do not refer Canadian-Australian Armies Stan- exclusively to men. V .. : FM MAPFA/1=00=034=5 ,3108-23 loV 1 :’ . . . . . . ., . . . . . : LARENEG NOITAMROFNI Army engineers plan, design, and construct airfields, heliports, and roads in the TO. To ensure these facilities meet proposed requirements, the responsible engineer officer must coordinate closely with all appropriate ground and air commanders. The engineer depends on the appropriate commanders for informa- tion on the weight and trancfrequency of using aircraft, facility life, geographic boundaries governing site selection, and the time availablefor construction as dictated by the operation plan. Detailed planning, reconnaissance, and site investigations are often limited by lack of time and by the tactical sttuation. How- ever, when time and security permit, the engineer should conduct fI normal ground reconnaissance and on-site investigations. this is not possible, the engineer should obtain photographs of the area. CISAB GNINNALP SNOITAREDISNOC NI THE THEATER OF SNOITAREPO . Army engineers should use the following Build one of two types of structures in guides in the TO: the TO: initial or temporary. Initial design life is up to six months; tem- Keep designs simple. Simple designs re- l porary design life is up to two years. quire minimum skilled labor and spc- . cialized materials. Whenever possible, phase construction to permit the early use of the facility Use local materials whenever possible. l while further construction and improve- This helps eliminate construction delays ments continue. associated with a long communications . and logistics line. Generally avoid sites with dense brush, timberland, and rolling terrain that re- Use existing facilities whenever pos- l quire heavy clearing or grading. sible. This helps avoid unnecessary con- struction. . Take care to prevent destruction of natural drainage channels, culverts, Remember that safety factors in design l and roads. Repairs require time and are drastically reduced in the TO be- labor far exceeding that needed to cause of time constraints and the in- prevcn t damage. hercnt risks of war. General lnforma noit 1 - 1 .j:j;j:j:j:,;:j : FM MAPFA/l-OO-034-5 ,3108-23 loV 1 DLEIFRIA CONSTRUCTION The plannfng and construction of Air Force YMRA SEITILIBISNOPSER bases in the TO is a joint responsibility of The Army will provide the following troop Army and Air Force personnel as outlined in construction support to the Air Force: Army Regulation (AR) 415-30/Air Force Regulation (AFR) 93-10. A summary of each Development of engineering designs, service’s responsibilities follows: standard plans, and material to meet Air Force requirements. RIA FORCE SEITILIBISNOPSER The Air Force provides the following support: Reconnaissance, survey, design, con- struction, or improvement of airfields, Emergency repair of war-damaged air roads, utilities, and structures. l bases. Rehabilitation of Air Force bases and fa- Force bed down of Air Force units and cilities beyond the immediate emer- l weapon systems. excluding Army base- gency recovery requirements of the Air development responsibilities. Force. 0 Construction management of emergency Supply of materials and equipment to repair of war damage and force bed- perform Army engineering missions. down. Construction of temporary standard air Operation and maintenance of Air Force base facilities. l facilities and installations. Repair management of war damage and Crash rescue and fire suppression. base development, including supervi- l sion of Army personnel. The Air Force base commander will set the work priori- Supply of material and equipment to l ties. perform Air Force engineering missions. Road and an-field construction. DAOR CONSTRUCTION Engineer construction units, under the l Construct and install signs and other appropriate Army command, have the following route-marking materials. responsibilities: Regulate traffic at locations where engi- l neer work is being performed. Reconnoiter roads and bridges. l Assist vehicles to keep traffic moving on l main supply routes regardless of Recommend traffic-control procedures. l weather, enemy activity, or other diffi- culties. 2-l lareneG noitamrofnI