Phytochemistry of Piper betle Landraces Phytochemical Investigations of Medicinal Plants Series Editor: Brijesh Kumar Phytochemistry of Plants of Genus Phyllanthus Brijesh Kumar, Sunil Kumar and K. P. Madhusudanan Phytochemistry of Plants of Genus Ocimum Brijesh Kumar, Vikas Bajpai, Surabhi Tiwari and Renu Pandey Phytochemistry of Plants of Genus Piper Brijesh Kumar, Surabhi Tiwari, Vikas Bajpai and Bikarma Singh Phytochemistry of Tinospora cordifolia Brijesh Kumar, Vikas Bajpai and Nikhil Kumar Phytochemistry of Plants of Genus Rauvolfia Brijesh Kumar, Sunil Kumar, Vikas Bajpai and K. P. Madhusudanan Phytochemistry of Piper betle Landraces Vikas Bajpai, Nikhil Kumar and Brijesh Kumar For more information about this series, please visit: https://www.crcpress.com/ Phytochemical-Investigations-of-Medicinal-Plants/book-series/PHYTO Phytochemistry of Piper betle Landraces Vikas Bajpai, Nikhil Kumar and Brijesh Kumar First edition published 2020 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 and by CRC Press 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN © 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged, please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www. copyright.com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. For works that are not available on CCC, please contact [email protected]. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. ISBN: 978-0-367-85965-7 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-01605-2 (ebk) Typeset in Times by codeMantra Contents List of Figures ix List of Tables xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv Authors xvii List of Abbreviations and Units xix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Piper betle: The Plant and Its Distribution 4 1.2 Botanical Description of Piper betle 5 1.3 Economic Potential of Leaves 6 1.4 Nutritive Value of Leaves 6 1.5 Morphoanatomical Studies of Piper betle L. Landraces 6 1.6 Etymology 7 1.7 Cultivation of Piper betle 7 1.8 Brief Review on the Chemistry of Piper betle Leaves 9 1.9 Brief Review on Pharmacology and Biological Activity of Piper betle 10 1.10 Traditional Uses of Piper betle 11 1.10.1 A ntibacterial Activity 12 1.10.2 Antidiabetic Activity 12 1.10.3 A ntifertility Activity 13 1.10.4 Antiinflammatory and Antiallergic Response 13 1.10.5 A ntimalarial Activity 13 1.10.6 A ntioxidant Activity 14 1.10.7 I nsecticidal Activity 14 1.10.8 I mmunomodulatory Activity 14 1.10.9 Chemopreventive and Anticancer Activity 14 1.10.10 Cholinomimetic Effect 15 1.10.11 N europharmacological Profile 15 1.10.12 Platelet Inhibition Activity 15 1.10.13 Protective and Healing Activity 15 1.10.14 R adioprotective Activity 16 1.10.15 A ntidermatophytic Activity 16 v vi Contents 1.10.16 A ntihypercholesterolemic Activity 16 1.10.17 A ntinociceptive Activity 16 1.10.18 G astroprotective Activity 17 1.10.19 A ntiasthmatic Effect 17 1.10.20 Effect on Thyroid Function Activity 17 2 Metabolite Profiling of Piper betle Landraces by Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometric Technique 19 2.1 Plant Material and Chemicals 19 2.2 Extraction and Sample Preparation 20 2.3 Preparation of Samples for Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometric Analysis 23 2.4 Analysis Conditions 23 2.5 Multivariate Statistical Analysis 24 2.6 Method Validation 24 2.7 Optimization of Direct analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometric Conditions 25 2.8 Discrimination of Piper betle Landraces 29 2.9 Differences in Piper betle Male and Female Leaf Metabolite Profile 31 2.10 Phytochemical Profiling to Classify the Therapeutic Potential of Piper betle Landraces 35 2.11 Discrimination of the Piper betle Landraces from Different Geographical Origin 38 3 LC-MS Analysis of Piper betle Leaf and Evaluation of In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity 41 3.1 Plant Material, Reagents and Chemicals 41 3.2 Extraction and Sample Preparation 42 3.3 Preparation of Standard Solution 42 3.4 Instrumentation and Analytical Conditions 43 3.5 Optimization of Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometric Conditions 44 3.6 Qualitative Analysis 44 3.6.1 Identification of Propenyl Phenols and Their Derivatives 48 3.6.2 Identification and Characterization of Other Phytoconstituents 49 3.7 Validation Parameters of Quantitative Analysis 50 3.7.1 Linearity, Limit of Detection and Limit of Quantification 50 3.7.2 Precision, Stability, and Recovery 51 Contents vii 3.8 Quantitative Analysis 51 3.9 Principal Component Analysis 53 3.10 Antimicrobial Activity 54 3.11 Antimicrobial Activity Evaluation 54 4 Conclusions 57 References 59 Index 67 Taylor & Francis Taylor & Francis Group http://taylorandfrancis.com List of Figures 1.1 Distribution of Piper betle in different regions in the world 5 1.2 Cultivation of Piper betle 8 2.1 DART mass spectrum of Saufia 29 2.2 DART mass spectrum of Deshi 30 2.3 Validated PCA score plot of Piper betle landraces 32 2.4 Identification and validation of gender in Piper betle using PCA 34 2.5 Identification of gender of thirty eight Piper betle landraces 35 2.6 Tree view of therapeutic potential cluster for twenty one Piper betle landraces 38 ix