PPEEOOPPLLEE AANNIIMMAALLSS AANNDD TTRRAADDIITTIIOONNAALL LLIIVVEESSTTOOCCKK KKEEEEPPEERRSS:: GGUUAARRDDIIAANNSS OOFF DDOOMMEESSTTIICC AANNIIMMAALL DDIIVVEERRSSIITTYY FAO INTER-DEPARTMENTAL WORKING GROUP ON B I O L O G I C A L D I V E R S I T Y FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE PEOPLE AND ANIMALS TR ADITIONAL LIVES TOCK KEEPERS: GUARDIANS OF DOMES TIC ANIMAL DIVERSIT Y EDITED BY KIM-ANH TEMPELMAN AND RICARDO A. CARDELLINO FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS ROME, 2007 FAO INTER-DEPARTMENTAL WORKING GROUP ON B I O L O G I C A L D I V E R S I T Y FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ISBN 978-92-5-105684-4 All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to the Chief, Electronic Publishing Policy and Support Branch, Communication Division, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to [email protected] Copies of FAO publications can be requested from: SALES AND MARKETING GROUP Communication Division Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00153 Rome, Italy E-mail:[email protected] Fax:(+39) 06 570533360 Web site:http://www.fao.org/catalog/inter-e.htm © FAO 2007 Cover photographs: Front cover: Marzio Marzot and Kim-Anh Tempelman. Back cover: Marco Mezzera. C O N T E N T S v LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii FOREWORD 1 INTRODUCTION 2 Brief discussion of the Drivers of Change framework CHAPTER 1 5 COPING STRATEGIES IN SUBTROPICAL MOUNTAIN ECOSYSTEMS 7 The Neuquén criollo goat and its production system in Patagonia, Argentina M.R. Lanari, M.J. Pérez Centeno and E. Domingo 17 Community-managed yak genetic resources and breeding systems in Laya, Bhutan Pema Gyamtsho 23 Revitalization of the Basotho pony mare camps: a step towards increasing populations of the Basotho pony in Lesotho Jinny Martin 27 Managing lowland buffaloes in the hills of Nepal Kamala Gurung and Pradeep Tulachan CHAPTER 2 31 PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION TO TROPICAL MOUNTAIN CONDITIONS 33 Domesticated camelids, the main animal genetic resource of pastoral systems in the region of Turco, Bolivia C.T. Rodríguez and J.L. Quispe 47 Management of sheep genetic resources in the central Andes of Peru E.R. Flores, J.A. Cruz and M. López CHAPTER 3 59 LIVESTOCK REARING IN TEMPERATE CONDITIONS 61 Schwäbisch Hällisches Landschwein, Germany R. Bühler and B. Hamilton 65 Management, use and conservation of local zebu cattle genetic resources in traditional livestock farming systems in Tajikistan Dadajon Ergashev, Arunas Svitojus and Lina Baltrenaite FAO INTER-DEPARTMENTAL WORKING GROUP ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE iii C O N T E N T S CHAPTER 4 69 SPECIFIC FEATURES OF RAISING LIVESTOCK IN HUMID TROPICAL AREAS 71 Indigenous chickens: an important part of rural livelihoods in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic Bounthong Bouahom, Soukanh Keonouchanh and Somchan Khamphavong 79 Tamberma’s Somba cattle breed at risk of extinction in Togo Bonfoh Bèdibètè, Adoméfa Kossi and Bassowa Habrè 85 Co duck genetic resources: the pillar of traditional mixed farming systems in Viet Nam Nguyen Thi Minh and Nguyen Duc Trong CHAPTER 5 95 ARID AND SEMI-ARID ZONES: SYMBIOSIS BETWEEN LIVESTOCK KEEPERS, THEIR ANIMALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT 97 Navajo-churro sheep: an ancient breed in the new world, United States of America Donald E. Bixby 103 Management, use and conservation of Karakul sheep in traditional livestock farming systems in Uzbekistan Yusup Ibragimov, Arunas Svitojus, Surat Yusupov and Lina Baltrenaite CHAPTER 6 111 PRESERVING AND DEVELOPING UNIQUE ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS 111 How communities manage local animal genetic resources 113 How animal genetic resources interact with their environment 114 Local knowledge and good practices 115 How communities cope with threats to their local animal genetic resources 117 Long-term solutions and sustainability of strategies 121 GLOSSARY iv PEOPLE AND ANIMALS TRADITIONAL LIVESTOCK KEEPERS: GUARDIANS OF DOMESTIC ANIMAL DIVERSITY C O N T R I B U T O R S Adomefa Kossi.Scientific Director of the Agronomical Lanari, M.R.National Institute for Agricultural Technology, Research Institute of Togo (ITRA), B.P. 1163, Lomé, Togo. Bariloche Experimental Agricultural Station, Casilla de Correo E-mail: [email protected] 277, Bariloche (8400) Río Negro, Argentina. E-mail: [email protected] Baltrenaite Lina.Researcher, Lithuanian Veterinary Academy, Til_sg.18, LT-47181, Kaunas, Lithuania. López, M.Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Tel.: (+37) 03 7362383. E-mail: [email protected] Apartado 456, Lima 12, Peru. Bassowa Habrè.Center of Agronomical Research on the Martin, Jinny.Member of the South African Sport Horse Humid Savanna, B.P. 01, Anié, Togo. Federation's Steering Committee, Clifton Farm, P.O. Box 11, E-mail: [email protected] Clarens 9707, Free State, South Africa. E-mail: [email protected] Bixby, Donald E.American Livestock Breeds Conservancy, PO Box 477, Pittsboro, North Carolina 27312, United States of Nguyen Duc Trong.Director, Duck Breeding and Research America. Tel.: (+01) 91 95425704 Centre (DBRC), National Institute of Animal Husbandry E-mail: [email protected] (NIAH), Dai Xuyen, Ha Tay, Viet Nam. Tel.: (+84) 34 854250 Bonfoh Bèdibètè.Head of national sheep-goat research Nguyen Thi Minh.Duck Breeding and Research Centre (DBRC), program, Center of Agronomical Research on the Humid National Institute of Animal Husbandry (NIAH), Dai Xuyen, Savanna, B.P. 01, Anié, Togo. Ha Tay, Viet Nam. Tel.: (+84) 34 854250 E-mail: [email protected] Pema Gyamtsho.International Centre for Integrated Bounthong Bouahom.National Agriculture and Forestry Mountain Development, Kathmandu, Nepal. Research Institute, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic. E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Pérez Centeno, M.J.National Institute for Agricultural Bühler, R.Bäuerliche Erzeugergemeinschaft Schwäbisch-Hall, Technology, Bariloche Experimental Agricultural Station, Züchtervereinigung Schwäbisch Hällisches Schwein, Haller Casilla de Correo 277, Bariloche (8400) Río Negro, Argentina.E- Strasse 20, 74549 Wolpertshausen, Germany. mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Quispe, J.L.Regional Camelids Programme, Av. Sánchez Lima Cruz, J.A.Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Apartado 2340, La Paz, Bolivia. 456, Lima 12, Peru. Rodríguez, C.T.Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Mayor de E-mail: [email protected] San Andrés, Av. Héroes del Acre 1850, La Paz, Bolivia. Domingo, E.National Institute for Agricultural Technology, E-mail: [email protected] Bariloche Experimental Agricultural Station, asilla de Correo Somchan Khamphavong. Livestock Research Centre, Km 39, 277, Bariloche (8400) Río Negro, Argentina. Rd 13 North, Sivilay Village, Naxaithong District, Vientiane E-mail: [email protected] Municipality, Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Ergashev, Dadajon. Research Institute of Livestock Tel.: (+85) 62 05517704 Husbandry, Tajik Agrarian Academy, 44 Rudaki avenue, Soukanh Keonouchanh.Livestock Research Centre, Km 39, Rd 734025 Dushanbe, Tajikistan. Tel.: (+99) 27 32217004 13 North, Sivilay Village, Naxaithong District, Vientiane E-mail: [email protected] Municipality, Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Flores, E.R.Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Apartado Tel.: (+85) 62 05517704 456, Lima 12, Peru. Tel.: (+05) 11 3495647 E-mail: E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Svitojus, Arunas.Baltic Genofond, Lithuania. Gurung, Kamala.Researcher, International Centre for E-mail: [email protected] Integrated Mountain Development, GPO Box 3226. Tulachan, Pradeep.International Centre for Integrated Kathmandu, Nepal. Mountain Development, GPO Box 3226, Kathmandu, Nepal. Hamilton, B.Bäuerliche Erzeugergemeinschaft Schwäbisch- E-mail: [email protected] Hall, Züchtervereinigung Schwäbisch Hällisches Schwein, Yusupov, Surat. Director, Uzbek Research Institute of Karakul Haller Strasse 20, 74549 Wolpertshausen, Germany. Sheep and Ecology of Deserts, M. Ulugbek 47, 703000 URL: www.besh.de. E-mail: [email protected] Samarkand, Uzbekistan. Ibragimov, Yusup.Ministry of Agricultural and Water E-mail: [email protected] Resources, Uzbekistan. E-mail: [email protected] FAO INTER-DEPARTMENTAL WORKING GROUP ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE v A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S W e wish to express our gratitude to all those who contributed articles to this publication. Their work allowed us to gather a unique set of case studies to recognize in a better way traditional livestock keepers as guardians of domestic animal diversity. Authors are individually acknowledged in each chapter. Our warmest appreciation goes out to the pastoralist communities for receiving us with great hospitality and for their willingness to share their knowledge and experience. We also thank Peter Kenmore, Caterina Batello and William Settle for their support during the elaboration of the publication. A special thanks goes to James Sutton for the technical editing of the original text and to Pietro Bartoleschi and his team for the editorial coordination, design and layout. Lastly, the book would not have been possible without the continuous support of the FAO/Netherlands Partnership Programme: Agrobiodiversity. vi PEOPLE AND ANIMALS TRADITIONAL LIVESTOCK KEEPERS: GUARDIANS OF DOMESTIC ANIMAL DIVERSITY F O R E W O R D A chieving food security for all is at the heart of the mandate of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The key role of agricultural biodiversity in meeting this objective was once more emphasized by the Secretary-General of the United Nations on World Food Day in 2004, when he urged for greater attention to the role of biodiversity in the fight against hunger. By protecting and increasing the world's stock of genetic resources, small-scale farmers and herders are making an especially important contribution to food security. Their role as guardians of biodiversity has formally been recognized by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in article 8j. Furthermore, in Decision VII/3 the CBD invited all governments to mainstream agricultural biodiversity in their national plans, programmes and strategies with the active participation of local and indigenous communities. It also encouraged them to recognize and support the efforts of local and indigenous communities in conserving agricultural biodiversity. The Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture facilitates and oversees cooperation between FAO and the Conference of Parties to the CBD. It coordinates FAO’s interaction and work with the CBD and with other international bodies, in the areas of conservation and sustainable utilization of genetic resources for food and agriculture, as well as the fair and equitable sharing of benefits derived from their use. In collaboration with livestock communities, research centres, universities, governmental and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), FAO identified and documented 13 case studies on how communities manage their local animal genetic resources. These case studies demonstrate that local knowledge is crucial in preserving the equilibrium between farmers, their animals and the environment. However, livestock keepers’ role in maintaining this balance and conserving biodiversity is under a great deal of pressure from changing land tenure policies to the benefit of the private sector and the expansion of natural reserves. Formal government involvement could significantly reduce farmers’ exposure to these risks. This study aims to raise awareness and subsequently encourage decision-makers to include conservation and development of animal genetic resources in legal, regulatory and institutional planning. Peter Kenmore Chair Inter-Departmental Working Group on Biological Diversity in Food and Agriculture FAO INTER-DEPARTMENTAL WORKING GROUP ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE vii I N T R O D U C T I O N D omestic animal diversity is being lost at an alarming rate. Worldwide, local livestock breeds are being crossed or replaced with higher-yielding animals under the motto “exotic is better”. Furthermore, the native habitats of pastoralists and their animals are steadily disappearing, relinquishing their domain to agriculture, protected nature reserves and industrial activities. This trend is further encouraged by existing formal policy, short-term profit opportunities and a decreasing appreciation of the value of local breeds. The present variety of farm animal species and breeds is the result of centuries of local knowledge-based selection by traditional livestock keepers. Through traditional farming systems a broad diversity of livestock breeds is being preserved and developed to provide meat, dairy products, eggs, fibre, fertilizer, manure and draught power. Consumers in both developing and developed countries benefit from this diversity since it offers them a wide choice of products for a varied and nutritious diet. Finally, livestock diversity represents future capacity to meet unforeseen needs and opportunities. With the help of pastoral communities, case studies on traditional livestock farming systems using local breeds were compiled in order to understand and establish: > how communities manage local animal genetic resources; > local knowledge and good practices; > how animal genetic resources interact with their environment; > how communities cope with threats to their local animal genetic resources; > long-term solutions and sustainability of strategies. Pastoral communities that live in similar ecosystems in very different regions of the world adopt comparable farming strategies, so the chapters of this publication have been classified according to ecosystems. Each chapter briefly describes the challenges faced by livestock keepers in a specific ecosystem, while the case studies illustrate how communities have dealt with these challenges. The main lessons to be drawn from the case studies are: 1. Technical and political decision-makers are often unaware of the far-reaching impact of their decisions on the conservation and sustainable use of livestock genetic diversity; consequently, raising awareness and teaching are essential elements. 2. Communities in general have identified the challenges they face in making their farming systems profitable enough to support their livelihoods. Such knowledge should be consolidated by decision-makers, who have huge potential to contribute to solving problems related to the loss of livestock diversity faced by farming communities. 3. Connecting people with others who have already addressed, or are addressing, similar problems generates new ideas and solutions. It also empowers people to formulate solutions serving both their own and common situations and to take appropriate action. FAO INTER-DEPARTMENTAL WORKING GROUP ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 1