cover next page > title: Paul between Damascus and Antioch : The Unknown Years author: Hengel, Martin.; Schwemer, Anna Maria. publisher: Westminster John Knox Press isbn10 | asin: 0664257364 print isbn13: 9780664257361 ebook isbn13: 9780585320960 language: English subject Paul,--the Apostle, Saint, Christian saints-- Turkey--Tarsus--Biography, Tarsus (Turkey)- -Biography. publication date: 1997 lcc: BS2506.H46 1997eb ddc: 225.9/2 subject: Paul,--the Apostle, Saint, Christian saints-- Turkey--Tarsus--Biography, Tarsus (Turkey)- -Biography. cover next page > Paul between Damascus and Antioch The Unknown Years Martin Hengel and Anna Maria Schwemer < previous page_iv next page > page Page iv Translated by John Bowden from a so far unpublished text. German text copyright © Martin Hengel and Anna Maria Schwemer 1997 Translation © John Bowden 1997 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, address Westminster John Knox Press, 100 Witherspoon Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40202-1396. Cover design by Alec Bartsch Cover illustration: Saul before Samuel and the Prophets. Benjamin West, 17381820. American. The Huntington Library, San Marino, California. Courtesy of SuperStock. First published 1997 by SCM Press Ltd., London First American Edition 1997 Published by Westminster John Knox Press Louisville, Kentucky This book is printed on acid-free paper that meets the American National Standards Institute Z39.48 standard. PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hengel, Martin. Paul between Damascus and Antioch : the unknownyears / Martin Hengel and Anna Maria Schwemer. 1st American ed. p. cm. "Translated byJohnBowden from a sofar unpublished text"T.p. verso. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 0-664-25736-4(alk. paper) 1.Paul, the Apostle, Saint. 2.Christian saintsTurkeyTarsus Biography. 3.Tarsus (Turkey)Biography. I.Schwemer, Anna Maria. II.Title. BS2506.H46 1997 225.9'2dc21 [B] 97-1386 < previous page page_v next page > Page v Contents Preface viii Chronological Table xi 1. Preliminary Considerations 1 1.1 The 'Fragmentary' Paul 1 1.2 What We Owe to Luke 6 1.3 The problem of Development in Paul 11 1.4 The Sources: Paul, Luke and the Subsidiary Sources 15 1.5 Geography: The Problem of Syria 21 2. Damascus and the Turning Point in Paul's Life 24 2.1 The Chronology of the 'Pre-Pauline' Period and the Basic Events in it 24 2.2 Paul and the City of Damascus 35 2.2.1 Damascus, the Place of the Persecution? 35 2.2.2 The Conversion before Damascus: A Comparison 38 2.2.3 The Baptism of Saul/Paul in Damascus, His Independence and Link with 43 the Community 2.2.4 The Mission to the Gentiles 47 2.3 The Jewish Community in Damascus and its Political Significance 50 2.3.1 The Synagogues in the city and their 'Godfearers' 50 2.3.2 The History of the City and its Jewish Community 55 Excursus I: The Problem of the 'Sympathizers' and Jewish Propaganda 61 1. Sympathizers, 'Godfearers', Mixed Marriages and Proselytes 61 2. The Controversy Over Circumcision 71 3. Synagogue Preaching as a Means of Religious Propaganda 73 4. Not 'Mission' but 'Power of Attraction'? 75 < previous page page_vi next page > Page vi 2.4 The Power of Attraction of Jewish Monotheism in Syria and the Problem of 76 Syncretism 2.5 The Beginnings of the Christian Community in Damascus and the Earliest 80 Mission Outside Palestine 3. Paul's New Awareness of Himself as an Apostle and the Foundation of His 91 Theology 3.1. Paul's New Awareness of Himself as an Apostle 91 3.2. The Foundation of Paul's Theology 98 3.2.1 The Justification of the Sinner by Grace Alone 98 3.2.2 The Christological Presuppositions 101 4. Arabia and Aretas IV, King of the Nabataeans (9 BCE40CE) 106 4.1. The Theological Occasion and the Political Circumstances 106 4.2. Petra, Hegra, Hagar, Sinai and Abraham 113 Excursus II: The Religious Situation in Arabia and Syria 120 5. The Return to Damascus and the Flight from the City 127 5.1 Return and Further Stay 127 5.2 Flight 128 6. The Visit to Peter in Jerusalem 133 6.1. The Two Reports in Gal.1.18-20 and Acts 9.26-30 133 6.2. Common Presuppositions 134 6.3 Acts 22.17-21, an Alternative Lukan Account 143 6.4. Paul as Peter's Guest 144 7. The New Mission Territory in the North: Tarsus and Cilicia 151 7.1 Why did Paul Go to Tarsus, and did He Engage in Mission There? 151 7.2. Tarsus and its Jewish Community 158 Excursus III: Jewish-Pagan 'Syncretism' in Rough Cilicia and the Adjacent 161 Territories of Asia Minor 7.3 Pagan and Philosophical-Rhetorical Influences on Paul? 167 7.4 Chronology and Geography 171 8. Antioch 178 8.1 The Beginnings of the Community in Antioch and its Relation to Jerusalem 178 < previous page page_vi next page > < previous page page_vii next page > Page vii 8.1.1 Paul's move from Tarsus to Antioch 178 8.1.2 The Crisis Sparked off Under Caligula, Autumn 38 to Spring 41 CE 180 8.1.3 The Anti-Jewish Unrest in Antioch 183 Excursus IV: Antioch, IV Maccabees and Paul 191 8.1.4 The Origin of the Christian Community in Antioch 196 8.2. Antioch and Jerusalem 204 8.2.1 Paul and Barnabas 205 8.2.2 The Year Together in Antioch 221 8.2.3 The Name 'Christians' (Acts 11.26b) 225 8.2.4 The Visit of the Prophets 231 8.2.5 The Prophecy of Agabus, the Famine and the Visit to Jerusalem 239 8.2.6 The Persecution Under Agrippa I and the Change in the Situation in 244 Jerusalem 8.2.7 The Beginnings of the Community in Rome and the Silence over Egypt 257 8.2.8 The Collegial Mission in Syria and Cilicia 260 8.3 Antioch and Pauline Theology 268 8.3.1 The Religious Situation in the City: Syrian 'Syncretism'? 268 8.3.2 Is Antioch the Place Where Christian Theology Began? 279 8.3.2.1 Antiochene Traditions in Paul? 286 8.3.2.2 The Problem of Paul's Theology of Baptism 291 8.3.2.3 The Letters of Paul as a Source for the Pauline Theology of the 301 Early Period: I Thessalonians as an Example Conclusion: A Chronological Comparison Paul and Luther 311 Abbreviations 314 Notes 321 Index of Biblical References 502 Index of Modern Scholars 521 < previous page page_vii next page >