REFORM AND TRANSITION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SERIES EDITOR: IOANNIS N. GRIGORIADIS Parliamentary Elites in Transition Political Representation in Greece Edited by Manina Kakepaki Fani Kountouri Reform and Transition in the Mediterranean Series Editor Ioannis N. Grigoriadis, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey The series of political and economic crises that befell many countries in the Mediterranean region starting in 2009 has raised emphatically ques- tions of reform and transition. While the sovereign debt crisis of Southern European states and the “Arab Spring” appear prima facie unrelated, some common roots can be identified: low levels of social capital and trust, high incidence of corruption, and poor institutional performance. This series provides a venue for the comparative study of reform and transition in the Mediterranean within and across the political, cultural, and religious boundaries that crisscross the region. Defining the Mediterranean as the region that encompasses the countries of Southern Europe, the Levant, and North Africa, the series contributes to a better understanding of the agents and the structures that have brought reform and transition to the forefront. It invites (but is not limited to) interdisciplinary approaches that draw on political science, history, sociology, economics, anthro- pology, area studies, and cultural studies. Bringing together case studies of individual countries with broader comparative analyses, the series provides a home for timely and cutting-edge scholarship that addresses the structural requirements of reform and transition; the interrelations between politics, history and culture; and the strategic importance of the Mediterranean for the EU, the USA, Russia, and emerging powers. · Manina Kakepaki Fani Kountouri Editors Parliamentary Elites in Transition Political Representation in Greece Editors Manina Kakepaki Fani Kountouri Institute of Political Research Department of Political Science National Centre for Social Research and History Athens, Greece Panteion University Athens, Greece ISSN 2945-641X ISSN 2945-6428 (electronic) Reform and Transition in the Mediterranean ISBN 978-3-031-11693-3 ISBN 978-3-031-11694-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11694-0 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and informa- tion in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover illustration: Sebastiaan Kroes This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Acknowledgements This book is the outcome of a long journey in our research on repre- sentation in Greece. Much of the analysis presented here uses data from the socioscope database on Members of the Greek Parliament devel- oped at the National Centre for Social Research (EKKE). We wish to thank the former and current Presidents of EKKE, Emeritus Professor Thomas Maloutas and Professor Nikos Demertzis for supporting this project throughout the years. The initial design and preparation of the database was funded through the project “Dynamic Management of Social Databases and Cartographic Representations - SoDaMap” (funding: GSRT, NSRF 2013–2015), with updates being made possible thanks to funding from the project “Research, Education and Infrastruc- tures: the triangulation of EKKE strategic axes” (funding: GSRT, NSRF 2014–2020). Many people worked at EKKE during the years in data collection and verification. We wish to thank Nikos Klironomos, Kate- rina Papaevaggelou, Constantinos Pierides, Stavros Skrinis and Panayiotis Sopakis Valalakis for patiently going through thousands of CVs, coding and correcting all the information. During the last two years, part of this work was presented in a joint postgraduate course organized by Panteion University and EKKE on political elites. We thank the students of the course for their comments and suggestions, especially at a time when classes moved online, and we all had to adapt literally overnight to a new reality. We also thank Vassiliki Georgiadou, Andreas Kollias and Gerassimos Moshonas for their v vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS constructive comments when part of the conclusions was presented at the academic seminar of the Department of Political Science and History of Panteion University. Many thanks are given to the editorial team at Palgrave, especially Ambra Filotello and Ashwini Elango, project coordinator of this book, for their guidance and assistance during all steps of production and to Professor Ioannis N. Grigoriadis for giving us the opportunity to publish in this book series. We also thank the anonymous reviewers for accepting the book proposal and providing insightful feedback. The chapter authors of this volume responded to our (endless) demands with professionalism and diligence; we are grateful to all of them. It has been a great pleasure working with all of you. On a personal note, the first editor would like to thank Yiannis and Melina for their love, support and understanding. The second editor would like to thank Nikos, Apostolia and Michalis for their patience and long-standing love and support. During the publishing process we were shocked by the news of the sudden death of Ilias Nicolacopoulos. His work on MPs and candidates’ data collection and his fascinating knowl- edge of the insides of Greek politics was the inspiration that sparked our own interest in this area years ago. This book is dedicated to his memory. Praise for Parliamentary Elites in Transition “This is a carefully designed and written book about different dimen- sions of the evolution of descriptive representation in Greece (with a further comparison with Cyprus) in different periods of crisis and stability. Kakepaki and Kountouri make an excellent job in coordinating scholars working with the same database of Greek MPs. The fascinating findings of the respected team of scholars make the book a landmark to be replicated in other countries and a “must read” for democracy scholars.” —Xavier Coller, Professor, National Distance Education University, Spain “This book, based on a solid and unified data set covering the 1989- 2019 period, provides a really comprehensive analysis of the socio- demographic and political characteristics of Greek parliamentary elites. It is a genuinely innovative contribution to the literature on political elites. An exciting read for political scientists and for anyone inter- ested in the transformations of parliamentary representation. Highly recommended.” —Gerassimos Moschonas, Professor, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Greece vii Contents 1 Introduction: Greek Parliamentary Elites in Transition (1989–2019) 1 Manina Kakepaki and Fani Kountouri 2 Gender, Representation, and the Politcs of Exclusion: Or, Who Represents, Who Is Represented, What Is at Stake? 29 Maro Pantelidou Maloutas 3 Mind the Gaps: The Class Dynamics of the Greek Parliamentary Elite 57 Giorgos Bithymitris 4 Revolving Doors Between Journalism and Politics: A Comparative Approach to Traditional and New Professions in the Greek Parliament 83 Fani Kountouri 5 Young Conservatives, Media Personalities or Old-School Elites? The Many Faces of New Democracy MPs Across Time 109 Manina Kakepaki 6 From Hegemony to Pasokification: Socialist MPs in Transition 131 Gerasimos Karoulas ix x CONTENTS 7 From an Outsider to a Mainstream Party. The Parliamentary Elite of SYRIZA as an Indicator of Party Transformation 157 Danai Koltsida 8 What Are the Far Right MPs Like? Radical and Extreme Right Parties in the Greek Parliament 181 Constantinos Pierides 9 The Rise of Technocrats in Greek Ministerial Elites: Evidence from 1989 to 2021 205 Nicos Souliotis, Nikos Klironomos, and Gerasimos Karoulas 10 Change in Continuity? A Comparison of Parliamentary Representation in Cyprus and Greece in the Background of the Economic Crisis 231 Yiannos Katsourides and Antrea Kosta 11 Conclusions: Who Gets Elected and When. Change and Continuity in Parliament and a Proposed Typology 259 Fani Kountouri and Manina Kakepaki Index 279