Oxford Textbook of Neurological Surgery Oxford Textbooks in Surgery SERIES EDITOR Professor Sir Peter J. Morris Nuffield Professor of Surgery Emeritus, and former Chairman of the Department of Surgery and Director of the Oxford Transplant Centre, University of Oxford and Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals, UK PUBLISHED Oxford Textbook of Trauma and Orthopaedics 2e edited by Christopher Bulstrode, James Wilson- MacDonald, Deborah M. Eastwood, John McMaster, Jeremy Fairbank, Parminder J. Singh, Sandeep Bawa, Panagoitis D. Gikas, Tim Bunker, Grey Giddins, Mark Blyth, and David Stanley Oxford Textbook of Fundamentals of Surgery edited by William E.  G. Thomas, Malcolm W. R. Reed, and Michael G. Wyatt Oxford Textbook of Vascular Surgery edited by Matthew M. Thompson, Robert Fitridge, Jon Boyle, Matt Thompson, Karim Brohi, Robert J. Hinchliffe, Nick Cheshire, A. Ross Naylor, Ian Loftus, and Alun H. Davies Oxford Textbook of Urological Surgery edited by Freddie C. Hamdy and Ian Eardley Oxford Textbook of Neurological Surgery edited by Ramez W. Kirollos, Adel Helmy, Simon Thomson, and Peter J.A. Hutchinson IN PRESS Oxford Textbook of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery edited by Simon Kay, Daniel Wilks, and David McCombe Oxford Textbook of Paediatric Surgery edited by Paul Johnson, Eleri Cusick, and Spencer Beasley Oxford Textbook of Neurological Surgery Ramez W. Kirollos Consultant Neurosurgeon, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK Adel Helmy University Lecturer Neurosurgery, University of Cambridge, UK/Honorary Consultant Neurosurgeon, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK Simon Thomson Consultant Neurosurgeon, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK Peter J.A. Hutchinson Professor of Neurosurgery, University of Cambridge, UK 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Oxford University Press 2019 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted First Edition Published in 2019 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. 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The authors and the publishers do not accept responsibility or legal liability for any errors in the text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this work. Except where otherwise stated, drug dosages and recommendations are for the non-p regnant adult who is not breast-f eeding Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work. Series Preface This is a new development in surgical publishing; the first two edi- This ambitious programme will be spread over several years, and tions of the Oxford Textbook of Surgery are to be replaced by a series the use of the online platform will allow for regular updates of the of specialty- specific textbooks in surgery. This change was precipi- different textbooks. tated by the ever-i ncreasing size of a single textbook of surgery which Each textbook will include the proposed requirements for training embraced all specialties (the second edition of the Oxford Textbook and learning as defined by the specialist committees (SACs) of sur- of Surgery was three volumes), and a decision to adapt the textbooks gery recognized by the four Colleges of Surgery in Great Britain and to meet the needs of the audience; firstly, to suit the requirements of Ireland, and will continue to be applicable to a global audience. Higher Surgical trainees and, secondly, to make it available online. This ambitious programme will be spread over several years, and Thus, we have produced a key book to deal with the fundamentals the use of the online platform will allow for regular updates of the of surgery, such as Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry, Evaluation different textbooks. of Evidence, and so forth. Then there are to be separate volumes When completed, the Oxford Textbooks in Surgery series will set covering individual specialties, each appearing as an independent standards for a long time to come. textbook and available on Oxford Medicine Online. It is planned that each textbook in each specialty will be inde- Professor Sir Peter J. Morris pendent although there obviously will be an overlap between dif- Nuffield Professor of Surgery Emeritus, and former ferent specialties and, of course, the core book on Fundamentals of Chairman of the Department of Surgery and Director of the Surgery will underpin the required scientific knowledge and prac- Oxford Transplant Centre, University of Oxford and tice in each of the other specialties. Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals, UK Forewords The Oxford Textbook of Neurological Surgery is a new book com- The past four decades have seen advances on a scale and pace that plementing the Oxford Textbooks in Surgery series. It is arguably have made the practice of neurosurgery almost unrecognizable in the first British- led comprehensive textbook covering the breadth comparison to the specialty in which I trained. The dawning in the of neurological surgery since Northfield’s Surgery of the Central 1970s of microsurgery and cross-s ectional imaging, along with ad- Nervous System. vances in pre- and perioperative care, sparked technological and Although the book was conceived and led from the United technical developments that reinvented concepts of what is possible Kingdom, it has an extensive international contribution and will be several times over. Specialization became necessary to take full ad- of value to specialists from all countries. vantage of the new opportunities to advance patients’ outcomes and The book bridges the gap between short handbook-t ype texts and neurosurgeons were spurred to accumulate the dedicated, detailed the large encyclopaedic multivolume tomes. It is suited to junior and knowledge, skills, and experience that drove the specialty forward senior neurosurgical trainees and consultants, and will also be useful and made it increasingly complex and diverse. to specialists from other disciplines. In addition, it will be of immense The editors of the Oxford Textbook of Neurological Surgery have benefit to those studying for the UK Intercollegiate Neurosurgical taken on a substantial challenge: to provide, in a single, compre- Examination, the European examination, and equivalent examin- hensive volume, the knowledge that spans the practice of modern ations in other continents. It is written in such way as to emphasize neurosurgery. Alongside this sheer breadth are integrated two crit- the clinical implications of the science. ical perspectives: a rigorous understanding of basic science and the The book is divided into 20 main sections with 99 chapters, 1000 subtlety of neurosurgical operative practice. pages in print, and over 1000 figures and tables. The chapters are It succeeds in filling a gap in the neurosurgical literature: a single carefully arranged such that it can be read from cover to cover or volume that provides a thorough review of neurological surgery for used as a reference for specific topics, given the comprehensive trainee and trained surgeons alike. Its approach is forward-l ooking, index. Each chapter follows a uniform format with abstract and key highlighting the importance of basic and clinical research and words, followed by comprehensive coverage of the topic illustrated evidence- based medicine. Safe and successful neurosurgery will in- by clear multicoloured figures. creasingly require deep anatomical knowledge, clinical judgement, The hard- copy print edition is complemented by an online ver- and high levels of technical skill, tied to an ability to synthesize an sion, which provides an alternative format to enabling instant access ever- growing and complex literature into reasoned practice. to specific topics. UK neurosurgery has a proud history. Modern neurological The ability to update at the proof stage means the book is up- surgery dawned in Scotland (Glasgow) in 1879 and the Society of to- date in covering recent advances; for example, the results of British Neurological Surgeons is one of the oldest national societies clinical trials. in the world. But its perspective has been and remains broad, en- I congratulate the authors on bringing together experts from all gaging colleagues in the worldwide community of neurosurgeons neurosurgical subspecialties and from all across the globe to deliver that transcends shifting national, political boundaries. Reflecting a book that is clearly laid out, readable, and well-i llustrated. I am this, although the book is undoubtedly grounded in UK neurosur- sure it will find its place as a reference book on the bookshelves of gery, the editors have successfully drawn in some of the most prolific neurosurgeons across the globe. and experienced surgeons and insightful scientists from around the world. As a result, the Oxford Textbook of Neurological Surgery pro- Franco Servadei vides an invaluable companion to neurosurgeons, from their earliest years of training into subspecialty experience and consultant prac- tice. It will become the definitive single volume textbook for those who treat surgical disorders of the nervous system in the United Kingdom and around the world. Sir Graham Teasdale Contents Symbols and abbrevations xv 11. Radiotherapy and radiosurgery for brain List of contributors xxi tumours 141 Susan Short 12. Chemotherapy for brain tumours 149 SECTION 1 Nicholas F. Brown, Daniel Krell, and Paul Mulholland Principles of neurological surgery 13. Surgical techniques in the management of intrinsic tumours 163 1. The history of neurosurgery 3 Shawn Hervey-J umper and Mitchel Berger Eleni Maratos and Henry Marsh 2. Clinical assessment 11 Peter Bodkin and Elizabeth Visser SECTION 3 3. Overview of neuroimaging 31 Tumours and skull base— extra- axial and Tomasz Matys, Daniel. J. Scoffings, and Tilak Das skull lesions 4. The operating theatre environment 45 14. Meningiomas and haemangiopericytoma Neil Kitchen and Jonathan Shapey (HPC): solitary fibrous tumour (SFT) 175 5. Perioperative care of the neurosurgical Harjus S. Birk, Seunggu J. Han, Ramez W. Kirollos, Thomas patient 57 Santarius, and Michael W. McDermott Karol P. Budohoski, Alessandro Scudellari, Sylvia Karcheva, 15. Chordomas and chondrosarcomas of the skull and Derek Duane base 189 Rami O. Almefty and Ossama Al-M efty SECTION 2 16. Dermoid and epidermoid cysts 197 Andrew McEvoy Tumours and skull base- intrinsic tumour 17. Esthesioneuroblastoma 205 6. Low- grade glioma 75 Georgios Klironomos, Lior Gonen, and Fred Gentili Thomas Santarius, Lorenzo Bello, and Hugues Duffau 18. Malignant skull base tumours 213 7. High- grade gliomas and molecular biology of Benedict Panizza and Adel Helmy neurosurgical oncology 89 19. Surgical management of tumours of the Stephen J. Price, Harry Bulstrode, and Richard Mair orbit 221 8. Intracranial metastasis 107 Joseph D. Chabot, S. Tonya Stefko, and Paul Gardner Andrew Brodbelt and Rashed Zakaria 20. Skull lesions 229 9. Primary central nervous system lymphoma 117 Giorgio Gioffre and Ivan Tmofeev Boon Leong Quah, Thangaraj Munusamy, and Colin Watts 21. Surgical management of anterolateral skull base 10. Glioneuronal and other epilepsy- associated lesions 241 tumours 129 Michael D. Cusimano and Michael P. Meier Matthias Simon and Alexander Grote