Dilemmas in american Politics series FOURtH EDitiOn series eDitor: craig a. rimmerman W i l “Wilcox and Robinson have only improved what was already a classic text. Onward Christian Soldiers? c Onward o remains the ‘must read’ work on the Christian Right. However, it is not only an excellent x introduction to the Christian Right movement; it also poses many challenging questions | about the role of religion in American politics—and society.” R —DaviD E. CampbEll, UnivErsity of notrE DamE o b “A cogent introduction to the ‘religious right’ in American politics, now revised and updated. i n Wilcox and Robinson navigate this complex and controversial subject with skill and fairness, s Christian covering the movement’s origins, goals, activities, and impact.” o n —John C. GrEEn, UnivErsity of akron “At a time when the significance of the Christian Right has become harder to discern thanks to recent political O developments, Wilcox and Robinson provide an informed and insightful account of this long-lived social n movement.…On a subject so often treated polemically, this book remains a welcome corrective.” w —kEnnEth D. WalD, UnivErsity of floriDa a Soldiers? r d They have money, influence, power—and they turn out to vote. “They” are groups like Focus on the Family, C Family Research Council, and Concerned Women for America—all parts of the Christian Right. But, are they a serious threat to religious liberty, bent on creating a theocratic state, or the last defenders of religion and h family values in America? r i s Bringing the story of the religious right up to the Obama administration, this revised fourth edition explores t i the history of the movement in twentieth and early twenty-first century American politics. Clyde Wilcox and a Carin Robinson review the expansion of the Christian Right through George W. Bush’s second administration n The Religious Right in American Politics and evaluate how the religious right fared in the 2006 and 2008 elections. Examining how the religious right both does and does not fit into the proper role of religious groups in American politics, Onward Christian S Soldiers? is an essential addition to the Dilemmas in American Politics Series. o l d ClyDE WilCox is professor of government at Georgetown University. He has published a number of books i on religion and politics in the United States and abroad, and on interest group politics. He also writes on e gender politics, campaign finance, and the politics of science fiction. r s ? Carin robinson is assistant professor of political science at Hood College. She has published articles about religion and the Bush presidency, the lobbying of religious groups in state elections, and on evangelicals in American politics. F O U R COveR ImAge © PAT BeNIC/ePA/CORBIs t H E D i t i O n A Member of the Perseus Books Group www.westviewpress.com www.perseusacademic.com Clyde Wilcox and Carin Robinson 0813344539-Wilcox_Design 5/20/10 10:22 AM Page i Onward Christian Soldiers? 0813344539-Wilcox_Design 5/20/10 10:22 AM Page ii Dilemmas in American Politics Series Editor: Craig A. Rimmerman, Hobart and William Smith Colleges If the answers to the problems facing U.S. democracy were easy, politicians would solve them, accept credit, and move on. But certain dilemmas have confronted the American political system continuously. They defy solution; they are endemic to the system. Some can best be described as institutional dilemmas: How can Congress be both a representative body and a national decisionmaker? How can the president communicate with more than 250 million citizens effectively? Why do we have a two-party system when many voters are disappointed with the choices presented to them? Others are policy dilemmas: How do we find compro- mises on issues that defy compromise, such as abortion policy? How do we incorporate racial and ethnic minorities or immigrant groups into American society, allowing them to reap the benefits of this land without losing their identity? How do we fund health care for our poorest or oldest citizens? Dilemmas such as these are what propel students toward an interest in the study of U.S. government. Each book in the Dilemmas in American Politics series addresses a “real world” problem, raising the issues that are of most concern to students. Each is structured to cover the historical and theoretical aspects of the dilemma but also to explore the dilemma from a practical point of view and to speculate about the future. The books are designed as sup- plements to introductory courses in American politics or as case studies to be used in upper- level courses. The link among them is the desire to make the real issues confronting the political world come alive in students’ eyes. EDITORIAL BOARD Amy Black Josiah Lambert Karen O’Connor Wheaton College St. Bonaventure University American University MaryAnne Borrelli Ruth Jones Richard Pacelle Connecticut College Arizona State University Georgia Southern University Diana Evans Jay McCann Ellen Riggle Trinity College Purdue University University of Kentucky William Hudson Barbara Norrander Providence College University of Arizona 0813344539-Wilcox_Design 5/20/10 10:22 AM Page iii BOOKS IN THIS SERIES Onward Christian Soldiers? The Religious Right in American Politics, Fourth Edition Clyde Wilcox and Carin Robinson The New Citizenship: Unconventional Politics, Activism, and Service, Fourth Edition Craig A. Rimmerman “Can We All Get Along?”: Racial and Ethnic Minorities in American Politics, Fifth Edition Paula D. McClain and Joseph Stewart Jr. The Lesbian and Gay Movements: Assimilation or Liberation? Craig A. Rimmerman Claiming the Mantle: How Presidential Nominations Are Won and Lost Before the Votes Are Cast R. Lawrence Butler Voting for Women: How the Public Evaluates Women Candidates Kathleen A. Dolan Two Parties—or More? The American Party System, Second Edition John F. Bibby and L. Sandy Maisel The Role of the Supreme Court in American Politics: The Least Dangerous Branch? Richard L. Pacelle Jr. Money Rules: Financing Elections in America Anthony Gierzynski The Accidental System: Health Care Policy in America Michael D. Reagan The Image-Is-Everything Presidency: Dilemma in American Leadership Richard W. Waterman, Robert Wright, and Gilbert St. Clair The Angry American: How Voter Rage Is Changing the Nation, Second Edition Susan J. Tolchin Remote and Controlled: Media Politics in a Cynical Age, Second Edition Matthew Robert Kerbel Making Americans, Remaking America: Immigration and Immigrant Policy Louis DeSipio and Rodolfo de la Garza From Rhetoric to Reform? Welfare Policy in American Politics Anne Marie Cammisa No Neutral Ground? Abortion Politics in an Age of Absolutes Karen O’Connor Payment Due: A Nation in Debt, a Generation in Trouble Timothy J. Penny and Steven E. Schier Bucking the Deficit: Economic Policymaking in the United States G. Calvin Mackenzie and Saranna Thornton 0813344539-Wilcox_Design 5/20/10 10:22 AM Page iv 0813344539-Wilcox_Design 5/20/10 10:22 AM Page v Onward Christian Soldiers? The Religious Right in American Politics FOURTH EDITION Clyde Wilcox Georgetown University Carin Robinson Hood College A Member of the Perseus Books Group 0813344539-Wilcox_Design 5/20/10 10:22 AM Page vi Cover photo:Pastor Rick Warren (center) gives the invocation as President-elect Barack Obama and President George W. Bush bow their heads during the 56th presidential inauguration ceremony for Barack Obama, January 20, 2009. Copyright © 2011 by Westview Press Published by Westview Press, A Member of the Perseus Books Group All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information, address Westview Press, 2465 Central Avenue, Boulder, CO 80301. Find us on the World Wide Web at www.westviewpress.com. Every effort has been made to secure required permissions to use all images, maps, and other art included in this volume. Westview Press books are available at special discounts for bulk purchases in the United States by cor- porations, institutions, and other organizations. For more information, please contact the Special Mar- kets Department at the Perseus Books Group, 2300 Chestnut Street, Suite 200, Philadelphia, PA 19103, or call (800) 810-4145, ext. 5000, or e-mail [email protected]. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wilcox, Clyde, 1953– Onward Christian soldiers? : the religious right in American politics / Clyde Wilcox and Carin Robin- son. — 4th ed. p. cm. — (Dilemmas in American politics) Includes bibliographical references (p.) and index. ISBN 978-0-8133-4453-9 (alk. paper) 1. Christianity and politics—United States—History—20th century. 2. Christianity and politics— United States—History—21st century. 3. Religious right—United States. 4. United States—Politics and government—1989- 5. United States—Church history—20th century. 6. United States—Church history—21st century. I. Robinson, Carin. II. Title. BR526.W53 2011 320.5'50973—dc22 2010013113 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0813344539-Wilcox_Design 5/20/10 10:22 AM Page vii Contents List of Illustrations ix Preface xi 1 Introduction: The Christian Right in Context 1 What Is the Christian Right? 8 The Controversy, 13 The First Amendment and Church and State, 18 Religion and Politics in America, 21 A Culture War? 26 Conclusion and Overview of the Book, 27 2 Revivals and Revolution: The Christian Right in Twentieth-Century America 29 The Fundamentalist Religious Revolt, 31 The Fundamentalist Political Revolt, 37 The Anticommunist Crusades, 41 The Fundamentalist Right of the 1980s, 42 The Robertson Campaign, 45 The Christian Right, 1920–1990: Continuity and Change, 48 A Second Coming? The Christian Right, 1990–2004, 49 The Passing of the Guard: The Christian Right After 2004, 54 The Target Constituency of the Christian Right, 55 Conclusion, 73 3 The Christian Right in American Politics 75 The Christian Right in the First Decade of the New Millennium, 77 vii 0813344539-Wilcox_Design 5/20/10 10:22 AM Page viii viii Contents Christian Right Action in Electoral Politics, 100 Lobbying Government, 123 Conclusion, 138 4 Assessing the Christian Right 139 Why Do People Support or Join the Christian Right? 142 The Christian Right and American Democracy, 147 The Christian Right Agenda: Is It Radical or Mainstream? 157 Conclusion, 175 5 The Future of the Christian Right 177 Can the Christian Right Expand? 181 Can the Christian Right Come to Power? 188 Premillennialists in the New Millennium, 201 Conclusion, 202 Discussion Questions 207 Glossary 209 Notes 215 References 223 Index 235 0813344539-Wilcox_Design 5/20/10 10:22 AM Page ix Illustrations Tables 2.1 Social characteristics of white religious groups 59 2.2 Political values and social-issue positions of white religious groups 60 2.3 Other issue positions of white religious groups 63 2.4 Selected values and issues: Ethnic minority faith communities 68 2.5 Other issue positions of ethnic religious groups 69 2.6 Correlations between key Christian Right issues and age, white religious groups 72 4.1 Personality traits among Indiana Moral Majority activists 144 4.2 Republican presidential donors: Democratic values 151 Figures 5.1 Support for gay and lesbian equality 191 5.2 Moral evaluations of sexual activity 192 5.3 Support for legalized abortion by age group over time 195 Boxes 2.1 The great monkey trial 39 3.1 The Christian Right and technology 99 3.2 The Texas 2008 GOP platform 107 Map 3.1 Christian Right influence in state Republican parties, 2008 105 ix