The Wilson Journal ofOrnithology 118(4):577-579, 2006 Once Upon a Time in {American Ornithology ‘ Samuel Hearne (Fig. 1) was born in Lon- don, England, in 1745. In 1766 he joined the Hudson’s Bay Company as a seaman and mate of the Charlotte sailing out of Churchill on , Hudson Bay, Canada. In 1771 he was the first European to reach the Arctic coast of North America, traveling on foot with a group of Chipewyan Indians from Churchill to the mouth of the Coppermine River. In 1774 he founded the first inland trading post of the Hudson’s Bay Company at Cumberland House, now Saskatchewan’s oldest settlement. Ironically, only the historians appear to have appreciated what a great naturalist Hearne was. In his introduction to the 1958 reprint of Hearne’s book, A Journey from Prince of Wales’s Fort in Hudson’sBay to the Northern Ocean (MacMillan Company, Toronto, Ontar- io, 1958), the editor, Richard Glover, correctly recognized that “Samuel Hearne was, of course, another first class observer and re- porter head and shoulders superior to ev- . . . ery other North American naturalist who pre- ceded Audubon.” FIG. 1. This portrait of Samuel Hearne, repro- An observer, not a collector, Hearne was the duced with permission from Stuart Houston (Houston, first to give a recognizable description of the NS.a,tuTr.alBiasllt,saofndHuMd.soHonusBtaoy.n.Mc20G0i3l.l-EQiugehetne’esntUhn-iCveenrtsuirtyy Ross’s Goose, named Anser rossii by John Press, Montreal, Quebec), first appeared in The Euro- Cassin some 80 years later: pean Magazine in 1797 (original artist unknown). HORNED WAVEY. This delicate and diminutive species of the Goose is not much larger than the Mallard Duck. Its plumage is delicately white, except the quill-feathers, which are black. The bill is not more than an inch long, and at the base is studded round with little knobs about the size ofpeas, but more remarkably so in the males. Both the bill and feet are of the same colour with those of the Snow Goose. The species is very scarce at Churchill River, and I believe are never found at any of the Southern settlements; but about two or three hundred miles to the North West of Churchill, I have seen them in as large flocks as the Common Wavey, or Snow Goose. The flesh of this bird is exceedingly delicate, but they are so small, that when I was on my journey to the North I eat [ate] two of them one night for supper. As the quotation above illustrates, many of whereas the most expert of the English hunt- Hearne’s observations were practical in na- ers would think it a good day’s work to kill ture. Many species were numerous at that thirty. At Albany Fort in one season, sixty time. Similarly, Hearne noted that one Indian hogsheads (i.e., 220-245 liters each) of geese could kill twenty Spruce Grouse in a day with were salted away for winter consumption. his bow and arrow and some would kill up- Hearne also mentioned that Arctic Terns, wards of a hundred Snow Geese in a day, which he ranked as being among “the elegant 577 578 THE WILSON JOURNAL OL ORNITHOLOGY • Vol. 118, No. 4, December2006 part of the feathered creation,” occurred in food; the latter flew in large flocks in the in- flocks ofhundreds; bushels oftheir eggs were terior near Cumberland House where Heame taken on a tiny island. saw 12 killed at one shot. Whooping Cranes, Heame once saw a flock of more than 400 only occasionally seen, most often occurred in Willow Ptarmigan near the Churchill River. pairs. He indicated that this largest crane was The Indians had put framed nets on stakes and good eating, and its wing bones were so long placed them over gravel bait to entice ptar- and large that they were sometimes made into migan to gather under the net. The stake was flutes. Heame was the first to recognize two then pulled to drop the net on top ofthe birds. different species ofcurlew, the Hudsonian and Using this method, 3 people could catch up to the Eskimo. He also provided invaluable in- 300 birds in 1 morning; in the winter of 1786, formation concerning the norther—n edge ofthe Mr. Prince at Churchill caught 204 with two Eskimo Curlew’s breeding range Egg River, separate pulls. Ptarmigan feathers made ex- on the west coast of Hudson Bay at 59° 30' cellent beds; the feathers sold for three pence N, about 150 miles north of Churchill. per pound. The smaller Rock Ptarmigan Heame combined keen powers of observa- would not go under nets, but up to 120 could tion with a deep appreciation for the natural be shot in a few hours. world. His observations ofthe Ruffed Grouse, In Heame’s time, cranes, curlews, and Pas- although precise and accurate, also convey a senger Pigeons also were regularly shot for real sense of awe and wonder: THE RUFFED GROUSE. This is the most beautiful of all [grouse]. . . . They always make their nests on the ground, generally at the root of a tree, and lay to the number of twelve or fourteen eggs. . . . There is something very remarkable in those birds, and I believe peculiar to themselves, which is that of clapping their wings with such a force, that at half a mile distance it resembles thunder. I have frequently heard them make that noise near Cumberland House in the month of May, but it was always before Sun-rise, and a little after Sun-set. Hearne did not, however, restrict his atten- passed into the broad and hollow breastbone tion to edible birds; he also described small of the swan and, after passing the length of birds, such as the chickadee, or the ground the sternum, returned into the chest tojoin the nest of a White-crowned Sparrow at the root lungs. He also dissected a Tundra Swan but of a dwarf willow or a gooseberry. He under- failed to appreciate its lack of the extra per- stood the concept of bird migration, describ- pendicular hump in the trachea that is present ing the Trumpeter Swan as the first species of in the larger Trumpeter Swan. waterfowl to return each spring, sometimes as While in England during the winter of early as late March, and frequenting the open 1782-1783, Heame met Thomas Pennant and waters of falls and rapids. He also named gave him a copy of his natural history sight- year-round residents, such as the Willow Ptar- ings, a dozen years in advance of their post- migan and Arctic Hare. Hearne’s understand- humous publication. Pennant incorporated a ing of sexual dimorphism showed in his re- number of Heame’s observations into Arctic mark that the male Willow Ptarmigan was Zoology (in 3 volumes, Robert Faulder, Lon- larger than the female. His description of the don, 1792). Five years after retiring to Eng- body-size range among ptarmigans demon- land in 1787, Hearne sold his manuscript, A strates his understanding of what was later to Journeyfrom Prince of Wales’s Fort in Hud- be described as Gaussian distribution. son's Bay to the Northern Ocean, to a pub- Hearne noted that the pouch at the base of lishing firm in London (A. Strahan and T. the pelican’s beak had a capacity of three Cadell) for the unprecedented sum of £200. quarts and that, in the 1770s as well as today, Only a month later, when only 47 years old, muskrat houses were favorite nesting sites for Heame died “of the dropsy.” His book, one Canada Geese. He evidently was the first to of the greatest travel narratives ever written, dissect the “windpipe” of an adult Trumpeter appeared in print posthumously in 1795. Swan, noting that the convoluted trachea From my point of view, Heame’s account ONCE UPON A TIME IN AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGY 579 of the large subspecies of Canada Goose University Press, Carbondale, 1965). The (Branta canadensis maxima) best reveals his book detailed how, in the 1960s, Giant Can- scientific bent. He met these very large geese ada Geese were captured and banded as flight- on the Barren Grounds, but he did not call less young in Rochester, Minnesota, southern them Barren Geese because they summered Manitoba, and southern Saskatchewan, after there; rather, he named them after dissecting which they traveled north 1,600 km to molt (thus arriving later in the year than the breed- them and discovering an “exceeding small- ing individuals). Because the geese were too ness of their testicles.” Heame’s observation young to breed, they had small testicles. This ofthe unusually large race ofgeese with small confirmed thephenomenon that Samuel Heame, testicles was confirmed more than a century truly one of the most talented of the early and a half later in Harold C. Hanson’s book, North American naturalists, noted with such The Giant Canada Goose (Southern Illinois insight: BARREN GEESE. These are the largest ofall the species ofGeese that frequent Hudson’s Bay, as they frequently weigh sixteen or seventeen pounds. They differ from the Common Grey Goose in nothing but size, and in the head and breast being tinged with a rusty brown. They never make their appearance in the Spring till the greatest part ofthe other species ofGeese are flown Northward to breed, and many of them remain near Churchill River the whole summer. This large species are generally found to be male, and from the exceeding smallness of their testicles, they are, I suppose, incapable of propagating their species. The original reference for this piece is S. Houston, 2003, Eighteenth-Century Naturalists Heame, 1795,AJourneyfromPrinceofWales's of Hudson Bay, McGill-Que—en’s University Fort in Hudson’s Bay to the Northern Ocean, Press, Montreal, Quebec. C. STUART A. Strahan and T. Cadell, London. The mod- HOUSTON; e-mail: [email protected]. em reference is S. Houston, T. Ball, and M. ca