Observations of Rufous Fishing Owl Scotopelia ussheri in Sierra Leone David MonticellF, Alusein P. Koromab and Denis Bannah1' Observations de la Chouette-pecheuse rousse Scotopelia ussheri en Sierra Leone. Les observations de la Chouette-pecheuse rousse Scotopelia ussheri en Sierra Leone sont presentees de fa^on succincte, avec une attention particuliere pour la Foret de Gola et File de Tiwai, d’ou proviennent la majorite des donnees recentes. Douze contacts visuels ont ete rapportes depuis 1989, tous suffisamment bien documentes pour eliminer la Chouette-pecheuse de Pel S. peli, espece etroitement apparentee qui se trouve dans la meme zone. L'observation prolongee de deux adultes et un juvenile pres de Tiwai en fevrier 2014 ont permis la collecte de donnees concernant le comportement et l’ecologie de cette espece peu connue, ainsi que l'obtention de photos, qui sont presentees ici. Summary. This paper summarises observations of Rufous Fishing Owl Scotopelia ussheri in Sierra Leone with an emphasis on Gola Forest and Tiwai Island, from where the majority of recent records emanates. Twelve visual encounters with the species have been reported since 1989, all of which were sufficiently well documented to eliminate the closely related Pel’s Fishing Owl S. peli, which occurs in the same area. The protracted observation of two adults and a juvenile near Tiwai in February 2014 permitted the collection of behavioural / ecological data and photographs of this poorly known species, which are presented here. D espite its recent down-listing from The first record of Rufous Fishing Owl for Endangered to Vulnerable, Rufous Fishing Gola Forest dates from 1989, when a captive Owl Scotopelia ussheri is one of the rarest and juvenile was found in a village near its boundaries least-known owls in the world, with a population (Allport et al. 1989, Atkinson et al. 1994). estimated at no more than 10,000 individuals Subsequently, at least 11 confirmed records have (BirdLife International 2014). The species is been made in the wild, six in Gola Forest, three endemic to Upper Guinea forests and has a much at Tiwai, and two in unprotected areas adjacent more restricted range than its two congeners, Pel’s to Gola, at Kwadi stream and the Moro River S. peli and Vermiculated Fishing Owls S. bouvieri (see Table 1 for an overview). Within Gola, all ol (Marks et al. 1999), with records from just five the records are from Mogbai, Makoi and Kwadi West African countries, including Sierra Leone, streams in Gola Central and Koadi stream in Gola south-east Guinea, Liberia, Ivory Coast and south¬ South, while at Tiwai, on the Moa River, most west Ghana (see, e.g., Borrow & Demey 2001). sightings have been made on the small nearby In Sierra Leone, no systematic census has been islands of Tagati, Bati and Bunduti, rather than conducted to date, hence current knowledge of on Tiwai itself (note that the names of the Gola the species’ distribution is based solely on a few forest blocks have recently been changed: those local surveys and casual observations by visiting areas previously known as Gola West and East are birders. Rufous Fishing Owls have been reported now Gola South, Gola North has become Gola from at least three (protected) areas in the country: Central, and Extension II is now Gola North). Loma Mountains Forest Reserve, Gola Rainforest In all cases, the reported observations were National Park and Tiwai Island Wildlife Sanctuary. sufficiently detailed to avoid confusion with Pel’s Few records are available for the Loma Mountains, Fishing Owl, which is also known to occur in this where it was first reported in 1992 (Atkinson et al. area (see e.g. Klop et al. 2010; this paper). Perhaps 1994) but just one possible record (in February the most interesting record to date concerns the 2008: Demey & Okoni-Williams 2008) since observation, in February 2014, of two adults and then. Most recent observations are from Gola and a juvenile / immature, near Tiwai Island. While the nearby Tiwai Island area (including its smaller most previous records in Sierra Leone involved satellites), presumably due to the development of brief sightings, the birds in February 2014 were research and ecotourism activities in and around observed for protracted periods on four different Gola Forest since 2006. dates (including three consecutive days), thereby Observations op Rufous Fishing Owl in Sierra Leone: Monticelli et al Bull ABC Vol 22 No 2 (2015) - 183 Table 1. Sightings of Rufous Fishing Owls Scotopelia ussheri in and around Gola Rainforest National Park and Tiwai Island. Tableau 1. Observations de la Chouette-pecheuse rousse Scotopelia ussheri au Parc national de Gola et a file de Tiwai et leurs environs. * = GPS data available / donnees GPS disponibles Date Sighting Locality Observer(s) Source 12 Feb 1989 captive juvenile (photographed) Madina; caught by villager several days G. Allport, P. Robertson Allport et al. (1989); see also Fig. previously in clump of bamboo at stream 5 in Atkinson et al. (1994) through nearby cocoa / coffee plantation, slightly outside Gola Central 28 Nov 2006 adult roosting at dusk in bamboo Mogbai stream close to Konella. Gola G. Shorrock, F. Hunter G. Shorrock & F. Hunter in litt. Central * (2006) 8 Dec 2006 adult roosting and flying by midday Mogbai stream 2.5 km upstream of G. Anderson, E. Klop Anderson et al. (2007), Wotton et Konella, Gola Central * al. (2010) 4 and 6 Feb 2007 adult seen at dusk Kwadi stream near Tunkia Nema, Gola F. Dowsett-Lemaire. R. J. Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett (2008) South * Dowsett 12 Mar 2007 adult roosting by day in small Makoi River. Gola Central * E. Klop, M. Kanneh Klop et al. (2008) tree 5 m above riverbed 14-15 Mar 2007 pair heard duetting at night and Kwadi stream near Kwadima, slightly E. Klop, A. M. Siaka Klop et al. (2008), Klop et al. found roosting the following outside Gola Central * (2010) day in a large bamboo stand 10 Mar 2008 adult flushed from dense Tiwai Island R. Demey, A. M. Siaka R. Demey in Bull. ABC 15:275 shrubbery in afternoon (2008) 16 Jun 2009 adult photographed by Tagati Island, near Tiwai, on Moa River * A. Conway Conway et al. (2010) camera-trap around midday 25 May 2011 adult seen Moro River near Mogbaima / J. Lindsell J. Lindsell in litt. (2011) Mayengema. close to Liberian border and slightly outside Gola Central * 23 March 2012 adult seen Mogbai stream close to Gola Malimbe E. Klop E. Klop in litt. (2012) camp, Gola Central * 24,28,31 Jan and 1 adult seen flying on 24 Jan at Mogbai stream close to Gola Malimbe S. Wotton, A. Schofield, Wotton et al. (2010); S. Wotton, Feb 2013 night and heard at dusk/night on camp, Gola Central * R. Setchfield, F. Hawkins A. Schofield, R. Setchfield. F. other dates Hawkins in litt. (2013) 3 and 15-17 Feb 2014 adult seen in late afternoon on Bati and Bunduti Islands near Tiwai D. Monticelli, A. P. This paper 3 Feb; adult with juvenile found Island on the Moa River * Koroma, D. Bannah, M. roosting by day on 15-17 Feb Woolf, M. MacRae permitting the collection of behavioural/ecological pre-established circuit among the network of data, and photographs, which are presented here. channels, usually between c.06.00-10.00 hrs and c. 17.00-20.00 hrs. Records in February 2014 The first encounter occurred on 3 February at As part of a short trip to Gola Forest in January- 17.43 hrs, when APK & DB noticed a medium¬ February 2014, DM visited Tiwai twice, on 1-3 sized owl perched on a boulder in the middle of and 13-17 February, during which time extensive, the stream, 20-25 m ahead of the boat. The bird albeit opportunistic, searches for fishing owls were was initially near the water level, but it almost conducted together with APK & DB. Based on immediately flew to perch on a nearby Raffia Palm published information (Conway et al. 2009) and at the edge of Bati Island. Before flying further the knowledge of local fishermen, we concentrated inland, it remained in view for 1-2 minutes, our searches on the small islands west of Tiwai permitting us to positively identify it as an adult Island (Tagati, Bati, etc.), where the Moa River Rufous Fishing Owl and to take photographs flows through a network of narrow, shallow and (Fig. 1). Subsequent attempts to relocate the bird slow-flowing channels, usually fringed by stands that evening were unsuccessful, but en route to of Raffia Palms Raphia vinifera. Our standard Tiwai Island, DM spotted a second owl flying procedure was to carefully inspect the riparian overhead above the Moa River. This observation vegetation from a small dugout canoe along a was made in poor light, as night had almost 184-Bull ABC Vol 22 No 2 (2015) Observations of Rufous Fishing Owl in Sierra Leone: Monticelli et al Figure 1. Adult Rufous Fishing Owl Scotopelia ussheri on a Raffia Palm Raphia vinifera, Bati Island, Sierra Leone, 3 February 2014 (David Monticelli) Chouette-pecheuse rousse Scotopelia ussheri adulte sur un Palmier raffia Raphia vinifera, lie de Bati, Sierra Leone, 3 fevrier 2014 (David Monticelli) completely fallen, but the first impression was size, shape and plumage coloration, we concluded that of a very large owl—probably Pel’s Fishing that the second bird was a juvenile (Fig. 5). That Owl, A few minutes later, DB relocated it with evening and during the remaining two days in his spotlight on Tiwai Island, c.200 m from where the area, we returned several times to the same we had previously found the adult Rufous Fishing spot, where we again found both birds and took Owl. The bird—an adult Pel’s Fishing Owl—was additional photographs on 15th at 18.15 hrs and perched on a tree c.6-8 m above the water, where 17th at 09.15 hrs. The photographs revealed it was in view for c.l minute before flying away subtle differences in plumage details between the (Fig. 2). adult Rufous Fishing Owl observed on nearby Tiwai and its surrounding islands were Bati Island and that on Bunduti, indicating that re-visited two weeks later. On 15 February at they were different individuals. 10.00 hrs, while we were slowly canoeing around Bunduti Island, an owl was spotted on a Raffia Description Palm overhanging the river. The bird was partially hidden by vegetation, but as it flew away the views Size and shape were sufficient to identify it as an adult Rufous General impression on first encounter with an Fishing Owl. Five minutes later, APR relocated adult Rufous Fishing Owl is of a medium-sized it further inland on a branch c. 10-12 m above owl, at least 20% larger than Barn Owl Tyto alba. ground (Figs. 3-4). To our amazement, there The young Rufous Fishing Owl photographed on were two owls perched together in the same tree. Bunduti (Fig. 5) was substantially smaller than the They remained in view for at least 15 minutes, adult (i.e. similar in size to Barn Owl). When both permitting careful examination at close range and were seen side by side, the young bird not only a series of photographs. Based on differences in appeared shorter but also stubbier. In all cases, Observations of Rufous Fishing Owl in Sierra Leone: Monticelli et al Bull ABC Vol 22 No 2 (2015) - 185 Figure 2. Adult Pel’s Fishing Owl Scotopelia peli, Tiwai Island Wildlife Sanctuary, Sierra Leone, 3 February 2014 (David Monticelli) Chouette-pecheuse de Pel Scotopelia peli adulte, Tiwai Island Wildlife Sanctuary, Sierra Leone, 3 fevrier 2014 (David Monticelli) Figure 3 . Adult Rufous Fishing Owl Scotopelia ussheri, Bunduti Island, Sierra Leone, 17 February 2014 (David Monticelli) Chouette-pecheuse rousse Scotopelia ussheri adulte, ile de Bunduti, Sierra Leone, 17 fevrier 2014 (David Monticelli) size alone was almost sufficient to distinguish this streaked (i.e. most feathers have a dark shaft) and species from the much larger Pel’s Fishing Owl slightly paler than the upperparts. In Pel’s Fishing (Fig. 2). Owl, some dark-shafted feathers also show a well- defined blackish chevron-like mark over their Plumage distal part, especially on the flanks (barely visible Important differences in plumage coloration on Fig. 2), while in Rufous the blackish chevrons and barring permit the rather straightforward are replaced by a paler and more diffuse rufous separation of Pel’s and Rufous Fishing Owls in patch (Fig. 4). the field (Figs. 2-3). Pel’s is entirely tawny-rufous Bare parts with fine dusky bars on the mantle, scapulars, wing-coverts, remiges and tail. The bars are While Pel’s Fishing Owl has an all-grey bill and dark brown, except on the primaries, where they cere (Fig. 2), Rufous Fishing Owl’s bill is bluish are more blackish and slightly broader. Adult grey contrasting with a yellowish cere (Fig. 4). Rufous Fishing Owl also has barred remiges and The unfeathered tarsus and toes of Rufous Fishing rectrices but, unlike Pel’s, the upperparts (mantle, Owl are yellowish-orange in both the adult and scapulars and wing-coverts) are plain and less the juvenile. uniformly coloured, showing a mixture of rufous, Ageing creamy-buff and white. A few blackish marks are noticeable on the mantle. In both species, the Apart from its smaller size, the juvenile / underparts (breast, belly and flanks) are finely immature Rufous Fishing Owl appeared bulkier 186-Bull ABC Vol 22 No 2 (2015) Observations of Rufous Fishing Owl in Sierra Leone: Monticelli et al Figure 4. Adult Rufous Fishing Owl Scotopelia ussheri, Bunduti Island, Sierra Leone, 17 February 2014 (David Monticelli) Chouette-pecheuse rousse Scotopelia ussheri adulte, lie de Bunduti, Sierra Leone, 17 fevrier 2014 (David Monticelli) Figure 5. Juvenile Rufous Fishing Owl Scotopelia ussheri, Bunduti Island, Sierra Leone, 15 February 2014 (David Monticelli) Chouette-pecheuse rousse Scotopelia ussheri juvenile, lie de Bunduti, Sierra Leone, 15 fevrier 2014 (David Monticelli) Observations of Rufous Fishing Owl in Sierra Leone: Monticelli et al Bull ABC Vol 22 No 2 (2015) - 187 than its parent, presumably due to its dense fluffy suggested that the two species may possess feathering. Overall it was also slightly paler than different habitat and dietary preferences (Klop the adult, especially on the underparts (Fig. 5). et al. 2010). For example, Rufous Fishing Owl Close examination of the photographs revealed has been mainly observed along small streams, loosely textured head and body feathers, indicative where it is suspected to feed on small fish and of first-generation feathers. Twice the young bird crabs, whereas Pel’s Fishing Owl favours deeper was seen in flight, when it could be seen to possess and wider rivers. This matches our observations, virtually the same wing pattern as the adult, i.e. as Pel’s Fishing Owl was observed along a very rufous wings uniformly barred dusky. If eggs wide and deep portion of the Moa River, whereas are laid in September-October, as suggested in Rufous Fishing Owls were encountered along the literature (Marks et al. 1999), this bird was shallower and narrower stretches. In addition, Bati probably 4-5 months old. and Bunduti Islands are located within secondary forest close to Kambama village, suggesting that Voice Rufous Fishing Owl is not confined to primary During our daytime observations, the owls were forest (cf Allport et al. 1989). silent and no attempt was made to solicit a vocal response using playback. No systematic searches Acknowledgements were conducted at night, though we heard a We are indebted to Gola Rainforest National Park distant call on 3 February at c.23.00 hrs. The for logistical and financial support of DM & DB call, a dove-like Too’ repeated at regular intervals throughout their stay on Tiwai Island. Special thanks of c. 15—20 seconds for at least one hour, was are also due to the Royal Society for the Protection of clearly different from that of Pel’s Fishing Owl on Birds, UK, for funding DM’s airfare to Sierra Leone Chappuis (2000). and to staff of the Tiwai Island Wildlife Sanctuary for their friendly assistance during field work, especially Behaviour arranging the numerous boat trips. J. Lindsell, S. Wotton, G. Anderson and N. Borrow kindly provided The generally accepted view that African fishing corrections to earlier drafts. Erik Klop and Ron Demev owls possess strictly nocturnal habits has recently are thanked for their constructive comments on the been challenged by a few reported cases of final version of this note. individuals foraging diurnally (see Conway et al. 2010, and references therein). We believe that References our late-afternoon observation on 3 February Allport, G., Ausden, M., Hayman, P. V., Robertson, P. of an adult on a rocky outcrop almost certainly & Wood, P. 1989. The Conservation of the Birds of concerned an active individual, although foraging Gola Forest, Sierra Leone. ICBP Study Report 38. was not witnessed. The same spot was re-visited Cambridge, UK: International Council for Bird on several occasions on 15-17 February, but no Preservation. owls were seen. In contrast, the adult and juvenile Anderson, G., Shorrock, G. & Hunter, F. 2007. observed on Bunduti Island were re-sighted in Surveys for key threatened birds and mammals, a the same area on several occasions. Each time the preliminary survey of Odonata and casual records birds were perched fairly high in the trees, which of amphibians along major river systems in Gola suggests that this was a favoured daytime roost. Forest; November-December 2006. Unpubl. rep. Our presence did not seem to disturb the birds, as Sandy: Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. they remained on the same branch until we left; Atkinson, P., Koroma, A. P., Ranft, R., Rowe, S. & in particular, the juvenile seemed rather tame and Wilkinson, R. 1994. The status, identification and unaffected by photography, which lasted for c. 1 vocalisations of African fishing owls with particular hour on 15th. reference to the Rufous Fishing Owl Scotopelia ussheri. Bull. ABC 1: 67-71. Habitat BirdLife International. 2014. Species factsheet: The Pel’s and Rufous Fishing Owls we observed Scotopelia ussheri. www.birdlife.org (accessed 23 March 2014). were sufficiently close to each other (<750 m apart) Borrow, N. & Demey, R. 2001. Birds of Western Africa. to suggest that the species breed sympatrically London, UK: Christopher Helm. at Tiwai. Previous observations at Gola have 188 - Bull ABC Vol 22 No 2 (2015) Observations of Rufous Fishing Owl in Sierra Leone: Monticelli et al Chappuis, C. 2000. African Bird Sounds: Birds of Klop, E., Lindsell, J. A. & Siaka, A. M. 2010. The North, West and Central Afica and Neighbouring birds of Gola Forest and Tiwai Island, Sierra Leone. Atlantic Islands. 15 CDs. Paris: Societe d'Etudes Malimbus 32: 33-58. Ornithologiques de France & London, UK: British Marks, J. S., Cannings, R. ]. & Mikkola, FT 1999. Library. Family Strigidae (typical owls). In del Hoyo, Conway, A., Hernandes, S. & Carroll, J. P. 2010. J., Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. (eds.) Handbook of Rufous Fishing Owl Scotopelia* ussheri camera- the Birds of the World. Vol. 5. Barcelona: Lynx trapped at midday near Tiwai Island, Sierra Leone. Edicions. Bull. ABC 17: 90-91. Wotton, S., Morris, T., Anderson, G. & Shorrock, Demey, R. & Okoni-Williams, A. 2008. Rapid survey G. 2010. Threatened species surveys in the Gola of the birds of the Loma Mountains Non-hunting Forest Reserves, Sierra Leone. Ibis 152: 205-206. Forest Reserve, Sierra Leone. Unpubl. rep. a Marine and Environmental Research Center (IMARJ Dowsett-Lemaire, F. & Dowsett, R. J. 2008. Selected CMA), University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, notes on birds of Gola Forest and surroundings, Portugal. E-mail: [email protected] Sierra Leone, including three new species for the b Eiwai Island Wildlife Sanctuary, Southern Province, country. Bull. ABC 15: 215-227. Sierra Leone. Klop, E., Lindsell, J. A. & Siaka, A. M. 2008. c Gola Rainforest National Park, Dama Road 164, Biodiversity of Gola Forest, Sierra Leone. RSPB & Kenema, Sierra Leone. CSSL research rep. Sandy: Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. Received 7 April 2014; revision accepted 31 October 2014. Observations of Rufous Fishing Owl in Sierra Leone: Monticelli et al Bull ABC Vol 22 No 2 (2015) - 189