Published by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited 444/1, Sri Ekambara Naicker Industrial Estate, Alapakkam, Porur, Chennai - 600 116 Objective Indian and World Geography, 4e Copyright © 2020, 2018, 2017, 2015 by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise or stored in a database or retrieval system without the prior written permission of the publishers. The program listings (if any) may be entered, stored and executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication. This edition can be exported from India only by the publishers. McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited Printed and bound in India ISBN (13) : 978-93-89949-21-6 ISBN (10) : 93-89949-21-1 Information contained in this work has been obtained by McGraw Hill Education (India), from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither McGraw Hill Education (India) nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither McGraw Hill Education (India) nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions,or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that McGraw Hill Education (India) and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought. Typeset at Bharati Composers, 159-A, Pkt-D-6, Sector-6, Rohini, Delhi-85 and printed at Cover Designer: Neeraj Dayal Cover Image Source: DAL Visit us at: www.mheducation.co.in Write to us at: [email protected] CIN: U80302TN2010PTC111532 Toll Free Number: 1800 103 5875 DEDICATED To MY TEACHER AND INSPIRATION SHRI (LATE) MAJID HUSAIN SIR & My Parents Shri. Mohd. Ibadullah Smt. Nusrat Sultana About the Contributor Mohd. Rizwan Ahmed, Director of IAS mentors Academy, Hyderabad. He has been teaching civil services aspirants for last 14 years and has successfully guided thousands of aspirants in achieving their dreams. He is well know name among the students for expertise in Geography and mentoring students. Mohd. Rizwan Ahmed, M.Tech. in Remote Sensing and GIS, and continuously involved in research in Geography and Ecology. He is teaching Geography optional, General Studies–Geography, Ecology and Disaster management. He is associated as a faculty with some the most reputed institutes for civil services coaching, like RCReddy IAS study circle, 21st century IAS academy, Hyderabad and Universal coaching, Bangalore. Apart from offline training, he is one of the top educators on India’s largest online Platform UNACADEMY. He has a credit of training some of the top rankers in recent years. Acknowledgements The merit of the candidates appearing in the Preliminary examinations is decided on the first paper that has a substantial number of questions from Geography. Late Prof Majid Husain, a renowned name in the world of Geography and especially popular amongst the candidates making Geography their optional shall be remembered for a long time for his commitment and valuable contribution. He wrote the books in a very simplified language and covered the latest of latest topics in Geography. After his demise, the revision and updation of his writings would have come to a stop without the efforts of the team of McGraw-Hill. The family of the author extend their thanks to Mohd. Rizwan Ahmed for agreeing to edit the book with the topics and revision of the objective questions as per the latest trends. Thanks are also due to all the friends and family members who encouraged in the revision of the book. It is hoped that the revised edition shall be of immense help to all the aspirants of civil services and other competitive examinations as well. The book shall also be useful to those teaching and learning Geography. May the almighty grant highest standards in heaven to the demised soul of the author. Hoor Bano Naiyer (w/o Late Prof. Majid Husain) This book is the culmination of my experience of teaching Geography for civil services aspirants for last14 years accompanied with encouragement from my well wishers. I found myself at top experiencing the feeling of fulfillment, when I realised my name appears on the cover of this book along with name of my teacher and guruLate shri Majid Husain sir. At this moment of accomplishment I am greatly indebted to my teacher, Late shri Majid Husain sir. My earnest thanks to Shri RCReddy sir, Shri Raja Reddy sir, of RCReddy IAS study circle for their support. I am thankful Shri Krishna Pradeep, director, 21st century IAS Academy for his continous encouragement. I extent my thanks to Shri Upendra shetty, director, UCCBangalore, Shri Gopalakrishna, director, Brain tree, Hyderabad for their support. I greatly appreciate and acknowledge the support received from UNACADEMY. I am equally thankful toMr. Gaurav Munjal, Mr. Roman Saini and Mr. Abhishek Srivastava of Unacademy for their support. I would like to thank the McGraw-Hill team, Ms Shukti Mukherjee, Ms Jyoti Nagpal, Ms Shreya Soni andMr Dharmender Sharma for their constant support. It’s my fortune to gratefully acknowledge the support of my friends and collegues, Mr. MA Kareem, Mr. MD Pasha, Mr. Balakrishna, Mr. Teja Deepak, Mr Sanjay, Mr. Ranaganathan, Mr. Vishnu Varthan, Mr. P Satish, Mr. Fazal and all others. Finally, I acknowledge the people who mean a lot to me, my parents, for showing faith in me and giving me liberty to choose what I desired. I salute you all for the selfless love, care, pain and sacrifice you did to shape my life. Also, I express my thanks to my sisters for their support and valuable prayers. I owe thanks to a very special person, my wife, for her continued and unfailing love, support and understanding during my pursuit of this work that made the completion of book possible. I greatly value her contribution and deeply appreciate her belief in me. I appreciate, my little daughters Asmara and Ayeza for abiding my ignorance and the patience during my book writing. Words would never say how grateful I am to both of you. My heart felt regard goes to my father in law, mother in law for their love and moral support. I thank the Almighty for giving me the strength and patience to work through all these years. Mohd. Rizwan Ahmed