Novel Wearable Antennas for Communication and Medical Systems Novel Wearable Antennas for Communication and Medical Systems By Albert Sabban CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2018 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-04790-7 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. 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Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Sabban, Albert, author. Title: Novel wearable antennas for communication and medical systems / Albert Sabban. Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2017. | “A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.” | Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: LCCN 2017014864 | ISBN 9781138047907 (harback : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Biomedical engineering--Instruments. | Smart materials. Classification: LCC R856 .S23 2017 | DDC 610.28--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017014864 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Dedication This book is dedicated to the memory of my father, mother and sister. David Sabban, Dolly Sabban and Aliza Sabban Table of Contents Preface....................................................................................................................xvii Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................xix About the Author ....................................................................................................xxi Chapter 1 Wearable Communication and Medical Systems .................................1 1.1 Wearable Technology ................................................................1 1.2 Wearable Medical Systems ........................................................2 1.2.1 Applications of Wearable Medical Systems .................2 1.3 Wearable Medical Systems ........................................................2 1.3.1 Measurement of Human Body Temperature ................2 1.3.2 Measurement of Blood Pressure ..................................2 1.3.3 Measurement of Heart Rate .........................................3 1.3.4 Measurement of Respiration Rate ................................3 1.3.5 Measurement of Sweat Rate .........................................3 1.3.6 Measurement of Human Gait .......................................3 1.3.7 Wearable Devices Tracking and Monitoring Doctors and Patients inside Hospitals ............................4 1.4 Wireless Body Area Networks ..................................................4 1.5 Wearable Wireless Body Area Network (WWBAN) ................7 1.6 Conclusion .................................................................................8 References ............................................................................................8 Chapter 2 Electromagnetic Waves and Transmission Lines for Wearable Communication Systems Designers ...................................................13 2.1 Electromagnetic Spectrum ......................................................13 2.2 Basic Electromagnetic Wave Definitions ................................15 2.3 Electromagnetic Wave Theory ................................................17 2.3.1 Maxwell’s Equations ..................................................17 2.3.2 Gauss’s Law for Electric Fields ..................................17 2.3.3 Gauss’s Law for Magnetic Fields ...............................18 2.3.4 Ampère’s Law ............................................................19 2.3.5 Faraday’s Law .............................................................19 2.3.6 Wave Equations ..........................................................20 2.3.7 General Boundary Conditions ....................................21 2.3.8 Boundary Conditions for Dielectric Medium ............21 2.3.9 Boundary Conditions for Conductor ..........................21 2.4 Wave Propagation through Human Body ................................22 2.5 Materials ..................................................................................23 2.6 Transmission Lines Theory .....................................................23 2.7 Matching Techniques ..............................................................30 vii viii Table of Contents 2.7.1 Smith Chart Guidelines ..............................................32 2.7.2 Quarter-Wave Transformers .......................................32 2.7.3 Wideband Matching—Multi-Section Transformers ..34 2.7.4 Single Stub Matching .................................................34 2.8 Coaxial Transmission Line ......................................................35 2.8.1 Cutoff Frequency and Wavelength of Coax Cables ...37 2.9 Microstrip Line ........................................................................37 2.9.1 Effective Dielectric Constant .....................................37 2.9.2 Characteristic Impedance ...........................................38 2.9.3 Higher-Order Transmission Modes in Microstrip Line.............................................................................39 2.9.4 Conductor Loss...........................................................40 2.9.5 Dielectric Loss ...........................................................40 2.10 Waveguides ..............................................................................41 2.10.1 TE Waves....................................................................43 2.10.2 TM Waves ..................................................................45 2.11 Circular Waveguide .................................................................47 2.11.1 TE Waves in a Circular Waveguide ............................49 2.11.2 TM Waves in a Circular Waveguide ..........................51 References ..........................................................................................53 Chapter 3 Introduction to Basic Theory for Wireless Wearable Communication System Designers ....................................................55 3.1 Wireless Wearable Communication System Frequency Range ..............................................................................55 3.2 Free Space Propagation ...........................................................57 3.3 Friis Transmission Formula .....................................................58 3.3.1 Logarithmic Relations ................................................60 3.4 Link Budget Examples ............................................................61 3.5 Noise ........................................................................................62 3.6 Communication Systems Link Budget ....................................64 3.7 Path Loss .................................................................................65 3.8 Receiver Sensitivity .................................................................66 3.9 Receiver Definitions and Features ...........................................67 3.9.1 Receiver Definitions ...................................................67 3.10 Types of Radars .......................................................................69 3.11 Transmitter Definitions and Features ......................................69 3.11.1 Amplifiers ...................................................................69 3.11.2 Amplifier Temperature Considerations ......................70 3.11.3 Power Amplifiers ........................................................70 3.12 Satellite Communication Transceiver .....................................71 3.12.1 Introduction ................................................................71 3.12.2 Description of the Receiving Channel .......................71 3.12.3 Receiving Channel design and Fabrication ................72 Table of Contents ix 3.12.4 Description of the Transmitting Channel ...................72 3.12.4.1 Transmitting Channel Specifications ..........74 3.12.4.2 Diplexer Specifications ...............................74 3.12.5 Transmitting Channel Fabrication ..............................74 3.12.6 RF Controller .............................................................76 3.12.7 Concluding Remarks ..................................................77 References ..........................................................................................77 Chapter 4 Basic Antennas for Wearable Communication Systems ....................79 4.1 Introduction to Antennas .........................................................79 4.2 Antenna Definitions .................................................................79 4.2.1 Types of Antenna .......................................................81 4.2.1.1 Wire-Type Antennas ...................................81 4.2.1.2 Aperture-Type Antennas ............................81 4.2.1.3 Steerable Antennas .....................................82 4.3 Dipole Antenna ........................................................................82 4.3.1 Radiation from Small Dipole .....................................83 4.3.1.1 Dipole Radiation Pattern ............................84 4.3.1.2 Dipole E Plane Radiation Pattern ...............84 4.3.1.3 Dipole H Plane Radiation Pattern ...............85 4.3.1.4 Antenna Radiation Pattern .........................86 4.3.1.5 Dipole Directivity .......................................86 4.3.1.6 Antenna Impedance ....................................88 4.3.1.7 Impedance of a Folded Dipole ....................88 4.4 Monopole Antenna for Wearable Communication Systems ...88 4.5 Loop Antennas for Wireless Communication Systems ...........89 4.5.1 Duality Relationship between Dipole and Loop Antennas .....................................................................89 4.5.2 Applications of Loop Antennas .................................91 4.6 Conclusions ..............................................................................92 References ..........................................................................................92 Chapter 5 Wearable Printed Antennas for Wireless Communication Systems ..95 5.1 Wearable Printed Antennas .....................................................95 5.1.1 Wearable Microstrip Antennas ..................................95 5.1.2 Transmission Line Model of Microstrip Antennas ....98 5.1.3 Higher-Order Transmission Modes in Microstrip Antennas .....................................................................99 5.1.4 Effective Dielectric Constant .....................................99 5.1.5 Losses in Microstrip Antennas ..................................99 5.1.6 Patch Radiation Pattern ............................................100 5.2 Two-Layer Wearable Stacked Microstrip Antennas ..............101 5.3 Stacked Mono-pulse Ku Band Patch Antenna ......................102 5.4 Wearable Loop Antennas ......................................................105