Noncommunicable Diseases Chapter Preview Working with the Photo Lesson 1 Allergies and Asthma .....440 Building Health Skills .......................464 A disabled person can lead a happy, active life. What Lesson 2 Heart Disease ..................446 Hands-on Health ...............................466 activities do you think this Lesson 3 Cancer ................................451 Chapter Reading Review ..................467 person enjoys doing? Lesson 4 Diabetes and Arthritis .....458 Chapter Assessment .........................468 438 Michael Pole/CORBIS Start-Up Activities What do you do to prevent disease? Take the short health survey below. Keep a record of your answers. Health Inventory 1. I participate in physical activity that helps my heart. (a) always (b) sometimes (c) never 2. I apply sunscreen before going outdoors. (a) always (b) sometimes (c) never 3. I eat a variety of fruits and vegetables each day. (a) always (b) sometimes (c) never Make this Foldable® to help you organize what you learn about allergies and asthma. Begin with a plain sheet of 11” × 17” paper. 1 Fold a sheet of paper 3 Unfold and in half along the draw lines short axis, then fold along the in half again. This folds. forms four columns. 4 Label the Noncomm. Causes Effects Treatment 2 O pen the paper and chart as Diseases refold it into thirds along shown. Allergies the long axis. This forms three rows. Asthma Fill out the chart as you read lesson 1. Visit glencoe.com and use the eFlashcards to preview Chapter 14 vocabulary terms. 439 Lesson 1 Allergies and Asthma Building Vocabulary Focusing on the Main Ideas As you read this lesson, In this lesson, you will be able to write each new highlighted ■ identify causes of noncommunicable diseases. term and its definition. ■ describe what allergies are and how they are treated. ■ noncommunicable ■ describe what asthma is and how it is treated. disease (p. 440) ■ practice healthful behaviors to manage asthma. ■ chronic (p. 440) ■ allergy (p.441) Reading Strategy ■ allergens (p. 441) Skimming Look over all the headings of the lesson. Looking over the major and minor headings will give you an idea of what the ■ pollen (p. 441) lesson is about. Write down three main ideas of the lesson that ■ histamines (p. 442) you learned from skimming the headings. ■ antihistamines (p. 443) Use the Foldable® on p. 439 as you read this lesson. ■ asthma (p. 443) ■ bronchodilators (p. 445) Write a sentence or two What Are Noncommunicable Diseases? describing some of the When Jenna is at her friend Tracy’s house, her eyes get red and symptoms of allergies. itchy and she starts to sneeze. Why? Jenna is allergic to Tracy’s cat. An allergy is one example of a noncommunicable disease, a disease that cannot be spread from person to person. Some noncom- municable diseases are chronic. Chronic diseases are present con- tinuously on and off over a long period of time. Causes of Noncommunicable Diseases Some noncommunicable diseases, such as rheumatoid arthri- tis and Alzheimer’s disease, have no known cause. However, scien- tists do know what causes many noncommunicable diseases. People may be born with some diseases. Hereditary fac- tors cause some diseases including cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia. Babies may be born with other diseases that result from problems before or during birth. People may choose unhealthful behaviors. For exam- ple, smoking causes most cases of lung cancer. Eating high-fat foods is linked to many cases of heart disease. 440 Chapter 14: Noncommunicable Diseases The environment can cause some diseases or make others worse. For example, air pollution is an environmental factor linked to disease. Breathing polluted air can worsen respira- tory problems such as asthma, emphysema, bronchitis, and even lung cancer. Identify Name three causes of noncommunicable diseases. What Are Allergies? Your immune system keeps you healthy as it helps your body fight off foreign substances. However, some people’s immune systems react to fairly harmless substances. These reactions are allergic responses. An allergy is an extreme sensitivity to a sub- stance. Between 40 million and 50 million Americans are affected by allergies. Substances that cause allergic responses are called allergens. For example, people who are allergic to ragweed are allergic to When smog is especially the tiny pollen grains from the ragweed plant. Pollen is a pow- heavy, people with dery substance released by the flowers of some plants. Figure 14.1 asthma or other respira- shows some common allergens. tory conditions should limit their time and activities outdoors. What FIGURE 14.1 other environmental C A factors can cause OMMON LLERGENS disease? Many different substances can be allergens. Some are easier to avoid than others. How could you avoid each of these allergens? (cid:49)(cid:80)(cid:77)(cid:77)(cid:70)(cid:79) (cid:42)(cid:79)(cid:84)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:1)(cid:67)(cid:74)(cid:85)(cid:70)(cid:84)(cid:1)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:1)(cid:84)(cid:85)(cid:74)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:84) (cid:39)(cid:80)(cid:80)(cid:69) (cid:49)(cid:77)(cid:66)(cid:79)(cid:85)(cid:84)(cid:1)(cid:84)(cid:86)(cid:68)(cid:73)(cid:1)(cid:66)(cid:84)(cid:1)(cid:81)(cid:80)(cid:74)(cid:84)(cid:80)(cid:79)(cid:1)(cid:74)(cid:87)(cid:90) Lesson 1: Allergies and Asthma 441 (t) Ulf Wallin/Getty Images; (cl) Boden/Ledingham/Masterfi le; (cr) Kim Taylor/Getty Images; (bl) Ron Fehling/Masterfi le; (br) Wally Eberhart/Getty Images Allergic Reactions When you are allergic to something, your immune system reacts quickly. It thinks that your body is under attack! In order to protect your body, your immune system produces antibodies to the allergen. Antibodies are a special kind of protein that locks onto cells. Antibodies cause certain cells in the body to release histamines (HIS·tuh·meenz), the chemicals that the immune cells release to draw more blood and lymph to the area affected by the aller- gen. Histamines cause the symptoms of the allergic reaction. When you are exposed to the same allergen again, the same antibody response will occur. You’ll have an allergic reaction every time you come into contact with that allergen. Allergic reactions can be mild, like sneezing or a runny nose. Although they are uncomfortable, they are harmless. Other aller- gic reactions such as swelling of the throat can be life threatening. Figure 14.2 shows some common allergic reactions. Learning how to control your allergies will help you avoid or reduce the symptoms of allergic reactions. FIGURE 14.2 C A R OMMON LLERGIC EACTIONS Common allergic reactions vary depending on the allergen. Different people may also react differently to the same allergen. Which of the allergic reactions listed here do you think is the most serious? Eyes can be red, watery, and itchy. Nose can be runny Throat can become and irritated. irritated and swollen. Sneezing With severe swelling the is common. throat can close shut. Respiratory system can become irritated. Skin can become May lead to coughing irritated and break and diffi culty breathing. out in a rash or hives (itchy bumps). Digestive system can be upset. Cramping, stomach pains, and diarrhea are common. 442 Chapter 14: Noncommunicable Diseases Richard Anderson Managing Allergies There are three basic steps to control allergies. • Avoid the allergen. For example, if you know you are allergic to poison ivy, learn what it looks like and stay away from it. Wear long sleeves and pants if you go into the Epinephrine woods. If you have a food allergy, check the ingredient labels on food products. When you go to restaurants, ask about the People who are at risk for severe allergic reactions such ingredients of menu items you want to order. Nut allergies as bee stings or severe food are dangerous because they often cause severe reactions. allergies, often carry allergy People with allergies to peanuts or other nuts need to be medicine with them. The especially careful about what they eat or come into medicine may come in contact with. syringes preloaded with a • Take medication. Some allergens such as dust and pollen substance called epinephrine are nearly impossible to avoid. People with these allergies (eh·pin·EFF·rihn). often take medicines to help reduce the symptoms. These Use the Internet to research medicines are known as antihistamines, medicines that epinephrine. What is it? How reduce the production of histamines. does it help people with severe allergic reactions? Report • Get injections. Sometimes a long-term series of injections your findings to the class. can help people overcome allergies. The injections contain a tiny amount of the allergen. They can gradually desensitize the immune system to the allergen. Describe What are three ways to manage allergies? What Is Asthma? Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that causes air passages to become narrow or blocked, making breathing difficult. Asthma is a growing problem in many countries. In the United States, more than 20 million people are reported to have asthma. More than 6 million of these asthma sufferers are people under the age of 18. Many substances and conditions can cause an asthma attack. Common triggers include: • allergens such as mold, dust, pollen, and pets. • physical activity. • air pollutants such as paint and gas fumes, cigarette smoke, industrial smoke, and smog. • infections of the respiratory system, such as colds and the flu. • dramatic weather changes, especially when the air becomes colder. • rapid breathing, which often happens under stress, when laughing, or when crying. Lesson 1: Allergies and Asthma 443 FIGURE 14.3 H A A A A OW AN STHMA TTACK FFECTS THE IRWAYS An asthma attack makes breathing more difficult. Airways become narrower and clogged with mucus. What are some symptoms of an asthma attack? Swollen airway Narrowed and contracted airway Normal airway muscle Mucus During normal breathing, the air passages are wide open. Air can During an asthma attack, muscles pass easily into and out of the lining the airways swell. Thick tubes and sacs in the lungs. mucus in the airways makes the openings even narrower restricting the passage of air. An Asthma Attack Academic Vocabulary What are the symptoms of an asthma attack? A person may monitor (MON i ter) wheeze, cough, or feel short of breath during an attack. Symptoms (verb) to watch or pay can also include tightness or fullness in the chest. Figure 14.3 attention to. Calvin’s above shows how an asthma attack affects the airways. mom has to monitor her blood sugar because she Define What is asthma? has diabetes. Managing Asthma People with asthma must take an active role in managing their condition. They can choose positive behaviors that will help them learn to avoid or control attacks. Examples include: • Monitor the condition. People with asthma must pay attention to the early signs of an attack. That way, they can act quickly if they sense an attack coming. They also can Visit glencoe.com and complete the Interactive Study track their long-term lung capacity, or ability to take in air. Guide for Lesson 1. An instrument called an airflow meter measures lung capac- ity. When used regularly, an airflow meter helps people know when their airways are narrowing. 444 Chapter 14: Noncommunicable Diseases Edit • Manage the environment. For example, if dust and mold Photo trigger your asthma, reduce them in your environment. It wman/ helps to keep floors, bedding, and pets clean. Ne Michael • Manage stress. Stress is a major cause of asthma attacks. Panicking during an attack can make it even worse. Relaxing and staying calm can help those with asthma avoid attacks. Relaxing will help even during an attack. • Take medication. Two kinds of medicines can treat asthma: relievers and controllers. Relievers help reduce symptoms during an asthma attack. Bronchodilators (brahng·koh·DY·lay·turhz) are reliever medications that relax muscles around the air passages. People usually use an inhaler Many people with asthma to take a bronchodilator. This small device sends medicine carry inhalers containing directly to the respiratory system. Controller medicines are broncho dilators. These taken daily, and help prevent attacks by making airways less medicines ease breath- sensitive to asthma triggers. ing. How does keeping their environment clean Describe How can a person with asthma help people with asthma manage his or her condition? breathe easier? Lesson 1 Review Review this lesson for new terms, major headings, and Reading Checks. What I Learned Thinking Critically 1. Vocabulary Define noncommunicable 6. Hypothesize Why do you think it’s disease and use it in a sentence that import ant for people with food allergies shows its meaning. to be careful when eating out? 2. Give Examples What are examples 7. Synthesize What tools help people who of two diseases that a person may have asthma manage their disease? be born with? Applying Health Skills 3. Describe What are the symptoms of an asthma attack? 8. Communication Skills Adrian wants to join the soccer team. He does not want 4. Identify List four common types of anyone to know he has asthma. Write a allergens. short letter to Adrian telling him why 5. Explain What is the difference between you think he should make a healthful relievers and controllers as treatments for decision to tell his coach and his team- asthma? mates that he has asthma. For more Lesson Review Activities, go to glencoe.com. Lesson 1: Allergies and Asthma 445 Lesson 2 Heart Disease Building Vocabulary Focusing on the Main Ideas As you look at each In this lesson, you will be able to vocabulary term, break down ■ identify types of heart disease. longer words into syllables. ■ explain how to prevent heart disease. The smaller parts make words easier to pronounce and ■ describe how heart disease is treated. understand. ■ analyze the influence of food advertising on heart health. ■ arteriosclerosis (p. 447) ■ explain how strokes and hypertension are related to heart disease. ■ atherosclerosis (p. 447) ■ heart attack (p. 447) Reading Strategy ■ hypertension (p. 448) Organizing information Take a look at all the major and ■ stroke (p. 448) minor headings in this lesson. Then use these headings to create an outline of the lesson. ■ angioplasty (p. 450) Write down three ways What Is Cardiovascular Disease? to keep your heart healthy. Cardiovascular or heart disease is any condition that reduces the strength or function of the heart and blood vessels. Common forms include high blood pressure and hardening of the arteries. According to the American Heart Association, 13 million people in the United States have heart disease. Almost half a million people a year die from this condition. Heart disease leads to 38 percent of all deaths in the United States. Sometimes heart disease is due to heredity. However, most heart disease is related to lifestyle. People who smoke, get very little exercise, or have other unhealthy habits are more at risk for developing the disease. Types of Coronary Heart Disease Your heart is a muscle that pumps blood through your body. Because your heart is a muscle, it needs oxygen just like all your other organs. Coronary arteries on the surface of your heart supply it with oxygen-rich blood. Veins on your heart take oxygen-poor blood away. When the arteries are clear, the blood flows freely. When the coronary arteries are blocked, blood does not flow as well. At this point, coronary artery disease begins to develop. 446 Chapter 14: Noncommunicable Diseases Arteriosclerosis (ar·tir·ee·oh·skluh· ROH·sis) is a group of disorders that cause a thickening and hardening of the arteries. Atherosclerosis (a·thuh·roh·skluh·ROH ·sis), a form of arteriosclerosis, is a condi- tion that occurs when fatty substances build up on the inner lining of the arteries. When Does your school this buildup collects inside arteries, it takes lunch program offer up space needed for blood to flow through. enough healthy choices? Figure 14.4 shows the difference between a healthy artery and a blocked artery. If I believe it does. Every day the coronary arteries become blocked with we can get fruit or veggies. We also get too much buildup, the heart may not get dairy and protein. The reason they seem enough oxygen. like unhealthy lunches is because kids choose the unhealthy choices. I don’t A Heart Attack know a single person who wouldn’t choose fries over broccoli! If the heart does not get enough oxygen, a heart attack is likely. A heart attack Michael B. Centerville, IN occurs when the blood supply to the heart slows or stops and the heart muscle is damaged. Figure 14.5 shows what happens during a heart attack. For males, symptoms include pain or pressure in the chest, or pain in the arms, jaw, back, or abdomen. Males may also be short of breath, have cold skin, throw up, feel tightness in the chest, or pass out. Females are more likely than males to also experience pain in the back or jaw. FIGURE 14.4 A THEROSCLEROSIS The muscle tissue of the heart gets blood from the coronary arteries. Blocked arteries prevent the heart from getting all the blood it needs. What happens when part of the heart does not get enough blood? 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