NEW ENCYCLOPEDIA OF A FRICA NEW ENCYCLOPEDIA OF A FRICA Volume 1 qAbd al-Q(cid:2)adir–Cummings-John John Middleton EDITORINCHIEF Joseph C. Miller EDITOR NewEncyclopediaofAfrica JohnMiddleton,EditorinChief JosephC.Miller,Editor ª2008TheGaleGroup ALLRIGHTSRESERVED Sincethispagecannotlegiblyaccommodate Nopartofthisworkcoveredbythecopyright allcopyrightnotices,thecreditsconstitutean Thomson,StarLogo,andCharlesScribner’s hereonmaybereproducedorusedinanyform extensionofthecopyrightnotice. SonsaretrademarksandGaleisaregistered orbyanymeans—graphic,electronic,or trademarkusedhereinunderlicense. 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FarmingtonHills,MI48331-3535 PermissionsHotline: 248-699-8006or800-877-4253ext.8006 Fax:248-699-8074or800-762-4058 NEWENCYCLOPEDIAOFAFRICA JohnMiddleton,editorinchief;JosephC.Miller,editor. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-684-31454-9(set:alk.paper) ISBN978-0-684-31455-6(vol.1:alk.paper) ISBN978-0-684-31456-3(vol.2:alk.paper) ISBN978-0-684-31457-0(vol.3:alk.paper) ISBN978-0-684-31458-7(vol.4:alk.paper) ISBN978-0-684-31459-4(vol.5:alk.paper) Africa—Encyclopedias.Middleton,John,1921- Miller,JosephCalder. Title. DT2.N482008 960.03—dc22 2007021746 ISBN-10: 0-684-31454-1(set) 0-684-31455-X(vol.1) 0-684-31456-8(vol.2) 0-684-31457-6(vol.3) 0-684-31458-4(vol.4) 0-684-31459-2(vol.5) Thistitleisalsoavailableasane-book. ISBN-13:978-0-684-31557-7;ISBN-10:0-684-31557-2 ContactyourGalerepresentativefororderinginformation. PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10987654321 EDITORIAL BOARD EDITOR IN CHIEF John Middleton Yale University EDITOR Joseph C. Miller University of Virginia ASSOCIATE EDITORS Ann Biersteker Mark Horton Aliko Songolo Yale University University of Bristol University of Wisconsin Linguist, East/South Africa Archaeologist, East Africa Literature, Francophone African and Caribbean Ce´lestin Monga Dale Eickelman World Bank Michael Watts Dartmouth College Economist University of California, Berkeley Anthropologist, North Africa Geographer, West Africa Kathleen Sheldon Sandra Greene University of California, Cornell University Los Angeles Historian, West Africa Historian, Lusophone Africa ADVISORS J. F. Ade Ajayi Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch Basil Davidson University of Ibadan, University of Paris University of Bristol, U.K. Nigeria Historian,CentralandWestAfrica Author, historian Historian, West Africa James Currey Francis M. Deng Boubacar Barry James Currey Publishers, Sudan Peace Support Project CODESRIA, Dakar Oxford, U.K. Director, lawyer, Historian, West Africa Publisher diplomat Joseph Harris Sally Falk Moore Abdul Sheriff Howard University Harvard University Zanzibar Indian Ocean Research Historian Anthropologist, lawyer, East Institute Africa Historian, East Africa Goran Hyden University of Florida V. Y. Mudimbe Wim Van Binsbergen Political scientist, Duke University University of Leiden, East Africa Philosopher, novelist, poet, Netherlands Central Africa Anthropologist, philosopher, Ali Mazrui Southern Africa State University of New York, Roland Oliver Binghamton School of Oriental and African Jan Vansina Political scientist, Studies, University of London University of Wisconsin East Africa Historian Historian, Central Africa CONSULTANTS Kelly Askew Peter Geschiere John Peel University of Michigan University of Amsterdam School of Oriental and African Anthropologist, musicologist, Anthropologist, Central Africa Studies, University of East Africa London Michelle Gilbert Anthropologist, West Africa Karin Barber Sarah Lawrence College University of Birmingham Art historian, West Africa Paul Richards Historian, West Africa Wageningen University and Jane Guyer Research Centre, Julia Clancy-Smith University of Arizona Johns Hopkins University Netherlands Historian, West Africa Geographer, West Africa Historian, North Africa Mamadou Diouf Andrew Hill Janet Roitman Columbia University Yale University University of Paris Anthropologist, historian, West Paleontologist, East Africa Anthropologist, Africa Central Africa Michael Lambek Toyin Falola University of Toronto Parker Shipton University of Texas, Austin Anthropologist, East Africa Boston University Historian, West Africa Anthropologist, East Africa Richard Fardon George Nelson School of Oriental and African University of Liverpool Thomas Spear Studies, University of London Medicine, East/West Africa University of Wisconsin Anthropologist, Central Africa Historian, East Africa Kimani Njogu Gillian Feeley-Harnik Twaweza Communications, Dorothy Woodson University of Michigan Nairobi Yale University Anthropologist, Madagascar Director, linguist, East Africa Librarian, Africa EDITORIAL AND PRODUCTION STAFF Project Editor Ken Wachsberger Contributing Editors Jaime Lieber, Carol Schwartz Manuscript Editors and Proofreaders Paul Greenland, Jessica Hornik-Evans, John Krol, Amy Loerch-Strumolo, Gina Misiroglu, Sarah O’Mahen, Kathleen Roy, Kathy Wilson Editorial Support Kari Bethel, Justine Ciovacco, Katrina Couch, Angela Doolin, Sara Teller, Jennifer Wisinski Editorial Technical Support Mark Drouillard, Joshua Kondek, Paul Lewon, Mark Springer Translators Paul Ellis, Alfonso Illingworth-Rico Indexer Katharyn Dunham (ParaGraphs) Page Design Pamela A. E. Galbreath Photo Research and Design Deborah Van Rooyen (DVR Design), Shana Mueller Imaging Lezlie Light Permissions Margaret A. Chamberlain-Gaston, Barb McNeil, Robyn V. Young Graphic Art GGS Information Services, Mapping Specialists, XNR Productions Composition Evi Abou-El-Seoud Manufacturing Rhonda Dover Editorial Director John Fitzpatrick Vice President and Publisher Jay Flynn TABLE OF CONTENTS In this encyclopedia, page numbers start at 1 for each volume. In the following list, 3:23, for example,meanstheitemappearedinthethirdvolumeonpage23. VOLUME 1 Addis Ababa Ade´, Sunny n Adulis Africa, History of the Name List of Maps, Country Summaries, Tables, Afrocentrism and Figures . . . xxv Afua Kobi Editor in Chief’s Preface (John Agaja Middleton) . . . xxix Age and Age Organization Aggrey, James Invention and Images of Africa Agriculture (V. Y. Mudimbe) . . . xxxiii Beginnings and Development The Idea of Africa in Political and Social Pests and Pest Control Thought (Ali A. Mazrui) . . . xxxix World Markets Africans: The Past in the Present Ahidjo, El Hajj Ahmadou (Jan Vansina) . . . li Ahmad, Mahdi Muhammad Genocidal Wars of Identity (Francis M. Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (Ahmad Gra˜n) Deng) . . . lix Aid and Development Overview Consequences Structural Adjustment n Balance of Payments A Environmental Impact qAbd al-Q(cid:2)adir Humanitarian Assistance Abeokuta Aidoo, Ama Ata Abidjan Aksum Abouzeid, Leila Alexandria Abu Bakr, Muhammad ibn Algeria Accra Geography and Economy Achebe, Chinua Society and Cultures Adama, Modibbo History and Politics ix TABLE OF CONTENTS Algiers Beads qAli, Mohammed Duse Sculpture qAli, Muhammad Asantewa, Yaa Allal al-Fassi Asmara Amin Dada, Idi Asmapu, Nana Amina Astronomies Andrianampoinimerina Augustine of Hippo, Saint Angola Awolowo, Obafemi Geography and Economy Azania Society and Cultures Azikiwe, Benjamin Nnamdi History and Politics Annan, Kofi Antananarivo Anthropology, Social, and the Study of Africa n Apartheid B Archaeology and Prehistory Baˆ, Mariama Overview Baartman, Sara Tools and Technologies Baba, Ahmad Stone Age Societies Babangida, Ibrahim Gbadamosi Historical Bamako Industrial Banda, Ngwazi Hastings Kamuzu Marine Bangui Islamic Christian Banjul Architecture Bantu, Eastern, Southern, and Western, History of Domestic (1000 BCE to 1500 CE) Colonial Barghash Ibn Saqid Contemporary Barth, Heinrich Monumental Bashir, Omar Ahmed el- Town Planning Bello, Ahmadu Armah, Ayi Kwei Bello, Muhammad Art Ben Barka, Mehdi Overview Benga, Ota Markets Benguela Art, Genres and Periods Be´nin Tourist Geography and Economy Contemporary Society and Cultures Rock Art, Eastern Africa History and Politics Rock Art, Saharan and Northern Africa Benin City Rock Art, Southern Africa Beti, Mongo Art, Regional Styles Biko, Steve Central Africa Bin Ali, Zine el-Abidine Eastern Africa Bin Shaykh, Tawhida Northern Africa Bissau Southern Africa Blantyre Western Africa Blyden, Edward Wilmot Egypt Body Adornment and Clothing Ethiopia Overview Art History and the Study of Africa Cosmetics and Body Painting Arts Fashion Basketry and Mat Making Trade x N E W E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F A F R I C A