MOVABLE BRIDGE ENGINEERING Movable Bridge Engineering. Terry L. Koglin Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. MOVABLE BRIDGE ENGINEERING Terry L. Koglin John Wiley & Sons,Inc. This book is printed on acid-free paper.(cid:1)∞ Copyright ©2003 by JohnWiley &Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley &Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, e-mail: [email protected]. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publishers nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Koglin, Terry L. Movable bridge engineering / Terry L. Koglin. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-471-41960-5 1. Bridges, Movable. I. Title. TG420 .K64 2003 624(cid:1).8—dc21 2002155407 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS PREFACE ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi I SELECTION 1 1 To Bridge or Not to Bridge 3 2 Movable Bridges versus Fixed Bridges 10 3 Types of Movable Bridges 20 4 Bascule Bridges 33 5 Vertical Lift Bridges 55 6 Swing Bridges 81 7 Application of Types 100 8 Bridge Replacement 116 II DESIGN 123 9 Preliminary Aspects 125 10 Structural Issues 133 11 Detailing—Bascule Bridges 144 12 Detailing—Vertical Lift Bridges 170 13 Detailing—Swing Bridges 191 14 Machinery—Bascule Bridges 209 15 Machinery—Vertical Lift Bridges 219 v vi CONTENTS 16 Machinery—Swing Bridges 227 17 Machinery—General 235 18 Controls and Power 267 19 Rehabilitation 299 20 Operating and Maintenance Manuals and Bid Documents 305 III CONSTRUCTION 311 21 Construction Management 313 22 Structure 317 23 Fabrication and Installation of Machinery and Electrical Components 325 24 Balancing 335 25 Replacement and Repair of Existing Bridges 338 IV MAINTENANCE 341 26 Substructure and Superstructure 347 27 Machinery,Control,and Power Systems 351 28 Maintenance Particulars 357 V INSPECTION 363 29 Inspection Basics 365 30 Structure 373 31 Machinery—Bascule Bridges 380 32 Machinery—Vertical Lift Bridges 394 33 Machinery—Swing Bridges 409 34 Machinery—General 421 35 Electrical 452 36 Inspection Reporting 460 CONTENTS vii VI EVALUATION OF EXISTING BRIDGES 465 37 Bridge Management 467 38 Structure 472 39 Machinery 477 40 Electrical Systems,Traffic Control Systems, and Operators’Houses 487 41 Failure and Bridge Functionality Analysis 490 REFERENCES 493 BIBLIOGRAPHY 495 GLOSSARY 511 APPENDIX I UNITED STATES PATENTS ON MOVABLE BRIDGES 515 APPENDIX II NORTH AMERICAN MOVABLE BRIDGES 531 INDEX 679 PREFACE This book is intended to be a description of movable bridges of the United States and a comprehensive source of engineering information for bridges of this type. It dis- cusses selection, design, construction, maintenance, inspection, and evaluation of movable bridges. Movable bridges are basically very large machines, so that although this area does not dominate the book, there is a heavy emphasis on mechanical ma- chinery. Structural and electrical issues are discussed, but because a great deal of in- formation in those areas also pertains to many subjects other than movable bridges, their presentation here is limited. Space limitations prevent the more complete ex- amination of several topics in movable bridge engineering that would be of interest to many readers. Other topics that some would have liked to see discussed have been left out altogether. No attempt has been made to present a “cookbook” method of solv- ingproblems, not so much due to space limitations as to the belief by the author that each movable bridge is unique and should be designed, constructed, maintained, in- spected, and evaluated on that basis. Anyone with a specific movable bridge problem is invited to ask the author for specific assistance. Contact can be made via the Wiley web site (www.wiley.com/go/movablebridge). Any other comments, particularly up- dates of movable bridge information such as the listing of movable bridges which can also be found at the Wiley web site, are welcome. Movable bridges located outside the United States are discussed only where their unique attributes require them to be mentioned, in instances in which the type of bridge or its use is rare or unknown in the United States, or to provide historical in- formation on bridge construction predating usage in the United States. Details de- scribed are generally limited to those that are unique to bridges that are designed to be moved. The various chapters discuss machinery, applications, special structural considerations such as reversing loads, traffic, maintenance of movable bridges, and other aspects that do not pertain to fixed bridges. Structural issues that apply equally to fixed and movable bridges are not included in this book. Certain structural consid- erations, such as the actions of the various types of movable bridge spans under dead load, live load, and wind and other environmental loadings, are discussed so that structural analysis can be undertaken by whichever method is convenient to the en- gineer performing the work. Architectural considerations have become more important in recent years, for rail- road as well as highway bridges. The appearance of a bridge, whether movable or ix x PREFACE fixed, has an effect on the community surrounding it, and many communities have made the claim that they are entitled not to have an eyesore in their midsts. Architec- tural considerations are only briefly discussed here, beyond the very general notation as to which types of movable bridge may be functionally suitable in a particular sit- uation and have the more pleasing forms. A number of communities have decided that they wish to preserve their historic treasures, and sometimes preservation of an old bridge means maintaining restricted access to an area, for better or worse. Many communities have also decided that they want to cut the cost of government, which often means that funds for maintenance or replacement of aging structures are hard to find. Beyond suggesting ways to accom- plish various tasks such as maintenance and inspection, this book does not address any of these issues. Movable Bridge Engineeringis organized into functional parts from an engineer- ing standpoint, with conceptual, design, construction, maintenance, inspection, and evaluation work grouped separately. Within these sections, different parts or types of movable bridges are described in separate chapters. No attempt is made to provide for equal length of parts or chapters. Citations of other works within the text may lead the reader to further information or greater detail on the subject under discussion. Footnotes indicate the sources of in- formation presented, where additional related material may be available. Photographs are by the author, unless otherwise credited. Original drawings are by Ethan Fuster. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The following people have contributed to this work by patient review and making valuable suggestions for its improvement. On bridge structural issues, Ulrich Gygax, Arthur Fishfeld, and Maria Grazia Bruschi offered much invaluable assistance. They also helped with grammar and punctuation. Dennis Marchetti offered guidance in the discussion of electrical systems. George Perkons provided his many years of ex- perience with mechanical issues. John E. Nixon not only carefully reviewed the text for typographical and grammatical errors, but also added his invaluable comments on the issues dealing with wire ropes, hydraulics, and many other subjects of which he is a master. Brad Hollingsworth also took time from his busy schedule to review the sections of the manuscript dealing with machinery and offered many valuable sug- gestions. These people pointed out many errors, and it is hoped that all have been corrected. Many other persons also helped with suggestions and bits of information, including personnel of Union Pacific and Canadian Pacific, especially Donald J. Lewis of Canadian National/Illinois Central. Particularly, Christopher Hahin, MetE, PE, Engineer of Investigations, of Illinois Department of Transportation provided in- formation on several movable bridge projects. The responsibility for the finished product rests solely with me. To all who have provided assistance in any form, my gracious thanks. xi I SELECTION Movable Bridge Engineering. Terry L. Koglin 1 Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.