MOTIVIC/THEMATIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE PIANO WORKS OF ALEXANDER SCRIABIN ,Phillipa Candy Document submitted to the Conservatorium of Music, University of Tasmania,. in 'partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Music. :.December, 1984 i TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration iv 'Abstract Objectives vii • Background The Musical Language: Definitives (Developments in the current musical language) and..trendi 1 Scriabih's Harmonic System 20 Analysis The Early Works .Introduction 32 .Analysis 34 . .The Opus 11 Preludes 40 . .Comparison and Trends in the'.Opus 11' Preludes 43 - The Fifth Sonata, Op'.53 .Introduction =15 .Subject Material Figures 46 •Outline: Formal Construction -50 • .Additional Notes on the Subject Areas 77 .:Summary:.Outline- • 82 •.Use of the Rhythmic Parameter in the Fifth Sonata 84 •R17. thmic Material -.89 -Thematic Transformation and the Fifth. Sonata 92 •- .Reduction Analysis 100 • .Chart: Reduction Analysis 110 • ..Evolvement into his later harmonic code 126 • "Nuances", Op.56 No.3 • • .Introduction 130' .Analysis 130 • •RhythMic Basis: "Nuances" • 134 iii The Ninth Sonata Op.68 Overview. 135' • Compositional Bases 139 , Adherence to - the "Code" 142 • "Subject" Groupings 145 • MotivesandJDerivatiOns' 147 - Use .of minor ninth structure 149 • 0se of ',dominant! Structure 150 • Alternating 'dominant'/minor ninth structures 151 • Three-note motive use Rhythmic variations in the oscillating semitonr Use of the opening bar Conclusion Bibliography . iv This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any higher degree or graduate diploma in any university and that., to the best of my knowledge and belief, the thesis contains no material previously published, or written by another person.; except when due reference is made in the text.. P. Candy ABSTRACT Scriebin is important as a-key representative of one particular culmination point in tonal expansion.. Although he was one of the first composers of the twentieth century to free tonal relationships between chords and scales, his "system" nevertheless developed out of extending. the traditional parameters functioning and governing harmony.and melody. The system he formulated involved compression of harmony and melody to a single entity. As his code evolved, his compositional style gradually altered to 'accommodate increasing experimentation and subsequentr.mestery of the melodic and harmonic parameters. The direct result is that the motivic and thematic elements within his Compositionel style whether they be related to melody, harmony, or rhythm, are subjugated to.a strict disciplinary method of control. Further, this control, of two former parameters by -a single ."all-encompassing" .replacement resulted in an increasingly, independent and distinct role of the-rhythmic parameter. The materials Scriabin:used to develop his ideas were the traditional forms and constructional techniques employing the nineteenth-century harmonic language. Major, minor, augmented and diminished chords, ell'forms.of sevenths; ninths, elevenths and thirteenths, chromatic harmony such as Neapolitan and augmented sixths, were jUst:someof the harmonic elements that Scriabin. could manipulate. -Constructional techniques such as augmentation, diminution,' retrograde, inversion, and canon were employed. The trend towards 'formerlydissonant chords being accordedrconsonant status by reasons of their regularity and usage was furthered'by Scriabin. All in all, his (later) compositions were logical extensions of his exploitation and expansion of traditional nineteenth-century compositional procedures. As a result, discussion of his harmonic system, is of paramount importance to the analysis. Two distinguished Russian theorists, i v Boleslav Yavorsky'and•Uarvara -Dernova were responsible for codifying Scriabin's Self-imposed.music language. - The starting point taken is from Scriabin's own words.: ' "'I write in strict style .... There's nothing by accident write according to definite principle", 1 an : 'Melody' is harmony unfurled ...- Harmony. is furled melody. ' "2 The works discussed represent each compositional "period", The-early Preludes'Op.11 number's 1-6, surrender to •raditional.harmonic analysis. Two middle period or pivotal works -, the Scriabin Sonata No.5, Op.53, and "Nuances" Op,56'No.2 are highly experimental and undergo What is possible, though incomplete in any.single facet in traditional.harmonit and melodic, •reduction analysis and Dernova systems of reference. Lastly,'-the Sonata •No-.9, Op.68- succumbsto the Dernova.code. This' thesis has been divided into two main areas:. that of background, and that of analysis. • As Scriabin placed importance on the nextion that melody and.harmony were different perspectives of a single parameter in time, , then the analytical methods which exploit the relationship between harmony and melody should •apply. 1 Faubion Bowers, - The New Scriabin : Enigma and Answers (Newton Abbot, .Devon: David and Charles, 1974), p.128. 2'Ibid., p.147. • vii OBJECTIVES Scriabin has long remained - and still is, in many ways - an enigma. There were many attempts to categorise his compositional style throughout and beyond his lifetime, to-1948. The attempts failed, due to the analyses limiting and linking his compositional life to a single stylistic period, • not to a:stylistic. outcome. He expanded both nineteenth-century tonality .. and forms, and outgrew the clearly delineated .parametrical functions governing harmony and melody. What emerges is aAnultiplicity Of objectives in order to effectively research the two specific- areas of motivic and thematic development in selected piano works of Alexander Scriabin. The background features and trendsAn.musical language available to Scriabin must be identified, discussed, and analysed - in order to pinpoint the first Signs of-the .stylistic changes. . The subsequent. effects on formal construction must be fully investigated and realised in the light of Scriabin's achievements. A precis of the code is included to help comprehend the implications of Scriabin's compositional process. To summarise: then in this research project there-are tour specific objectives: . - Firstly, it is necessary to define and test in selected works the . codification- of musical language evolved by Scriabin as identified by Boleslav Yavorsky and Uarvara Dernova. In addition, the way in which his code evolved and was _applied from contemporary knowledge of. resources will be traced and described. Secondly, in the context of the evolution of his musical language, Scriabin's specific harmonic perceptions will be investigated in terms of motivic and thematic elements. viii ;Thirdly,-a.comparatiVe analysis-ofhis experimentation with and • evolution of compositional choices will be undertaken. This Will take ..into account the impact of contemporary resources on Scriabin's compositional . procedures. The,final objective in the research will be to demonstrate that the inter-relationships of compositional controls and subsequent forms and .:idioms are essentially an extension of musical logic in the- Works of Scriabin. . THE MUSICAL LANGUAGE : DEFINITIVES (DEVELOPMENTS IN THE. CURRENT MUSICAL LANGUAGE) AND TRENDS BACKGROUND The term tonality was believed to have been coined by a Belgian musicologist/composer called Joseph Fetis, around the mid-nineteenth century. 1 It..was defined as a musical group ... conceived ... and 2 .:derived-from, a central tonic fundament This was understood to be one note, the tonic. The tonic could be treated vertically or horizontally. Vertically, by combining the tonic with its close overtones, it would become a chord,. 3 or a harmony. -GI 44- XL — eic ■■ ■■ -firodeldic,dio ■■ ■■ ■■ a .3 4 6" 6 7 g 10 :Horizontally',-the working for.the tonic stemmed - from the relationship of 4 the tonic to 'its overtones in the harmonicseries. Thus classical 5 tonality.is centred in the overtone system, -and the basis of classical harmony lies in arrangement .of the close overtones to form a triad. . This -triad is' the basic unit of the .classical system. Two modes of triads are used in claSsical harmony, the major and the 6. minor triad . Both triads found in the harmonic series occur close to the - tonic, and make up notes of.the diatonic scale. It is seen.that . the major triad 'is more closely related acoustically to the fundamental. 1 Rudolph Reti, Tonality, Atonality, Pantonality: A Study of Some Trends in Twentieth Century Music (London: Rockliff, 1958), P- 7- 2 Ibid. 3 Ibid., p.8. 4 Ibid., p.9. 5 Ibid., p.13. 6 William Dunwell, Evolution of Twentieth-Century Harmony (London: Novello, 1960), p.15. 2 Iva ..... 9 tAt e.A .o mm....11 .■...-- ommu limium..-11..1• . . M/CM11 Mmtaz 5 It 7 • q 1• 0 icr; TPJoAaDf t MiLitnodt,P- : 1141,4 t'..1 ler ua. ad- Ad.. Issue. • 14417312 Alsb included is the presence of the diminished triad, composed of two successive minor thirds, and it is vital as one pivot in. theexpansion of tonality. This chord will be. discussed later. Thus the bases of the classical system are major and minor triads. - The resultant chords are built-and extended in thirds, and -the subsequent scales are from two modes, major and minor.. Features characteristic of their usage in the classical system are: the relationship between chords, , the method of chord-building, and especially the qualities of that melody 7 determined by that chord systeM. ....In its most fully realized form classical tonality may be distinguished by its use of two modes only, each of them transposable to any pitch' level, and by its total clarification of the relationship existing between pitches grouped around a single .tonic ... 118 ' The first additions or changes to the basic material were by decoration, either of a.chord or of the melody. Extra notes, not necessarily related to the harmony or melody, were added as. supplementary to the diatonic scales, • or to the chord unit. .Their purpose lay in decoration of the structural . .basis, and in extension of the tension factor in tension-repose principle in music. Once this function began to modify the melodic and chordal basis and usurp its traditional functioning, the.breakdown of the concept of (absolute) classical harmony was already in process. 7 Dunwell, Evolution ..., pp.15-19; 8 Jim Samson, Music in Transition: A Study of Tonal Expansion and Atonality 1900-1920 CLondon: Dent, 1977), p.2.