CLIMATE CHANGE AND POLAR RESEARCH CLIMATE CHANGE POLAR RESEARCH AND DOCTOR SABIT ABYZOV Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow • DOCTOR DONALD PEROVICH Cold Region Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH, USA Luso-American Foundation Lisbon, Portugal. March 14, 2007 CLIMATE CHANGE POLAR RESEARCH AND DOCTOR SABIT ABYZOV Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology Russian Academy of Sciences • DOCTOR DONALD PEROVICH Cold Region Research and Engineering Laboratory CLIMATE CHANGE POLAR RESEARCH AND DOCTOR SABIT ABYZOV Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow • DOCTOR DONALD PEROVICH Cold Region Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH, USA Luso-American Foundation Lisbon, Portugal. March 14, 2007 CLIMATE CHANGE POLAR RESEARCH AND DOCTOR SABIT ABYZOV Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology Russian Academy of Sciences • DOCTOR DONALD PEROVICH Cold Region Research and Engineering Laboratory PUBLISHED BY Luso-American Development Foundation DESIGN B2, Atelier de Design PRINTED BY Textype – Artes Gráficas, Lda. PRINT RUN 500 copies Lisbon, 2007 ISBN 978-972-8654-32-0 LEGAL DEPOSIT 268 037/07 CLIMATE CHANGE AND POLAR RESEARCH Table of Contents Foreword ........................................................................................................ 7 Biographical Notes .......................................................................................... 9 MICROBIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC GLACIER ABOVE THE LAKE VOSTOK ......................................................................... 11 S. S. Abyzov, I. N. Mitskevich and M. V. Ivanov Introduction ............................................................................................ 13 Methods .................................................................................................. 14 Results ..................................................................................................... 21 General Conclusions ................................................................................ 34 Acknowledgments .................................................................................... 35 References ................................................................................................ 37 A FROZEN OCEAN IN A CHANGING CLIMATE ........................................... 41 Donald Perovich Introduction ............................................................................................ 43 Arctic Sea Ice Extent ............................................................................... 46 Arctic Sea Ice Thickness .......................................................................... 49 Sea Ice Mass Balance ............................................................................... 51 Ice Albedo Feedback ................................................................................ 54 The Arctic System ................................................................................... 58 Concluding Remarks ............................................................................... 60 References ................................................................................................ 63 [5] The Luso-American Development Foundation (FLAD) is a private foundation that strives to contribute toward the development and modernization of Portugal. Aiming to achieve this objective, the Foundation has been active in supporting research and furthering the field of Ocean Science. The country’s geographic location and its past efforts to increase our knowledge of the oceans during the era of Portugal’s maritime discoveries have motivated FLAD to become increasingly involved in supporting discussions on a wide range of ocean-related topics. In line with these aims, FLAD has decided to organize a yearly “Lecture on Marine Sciences” to be presented by a renowned guest expert in the field. The initiative is also designed to strengthen ties among scientists from around the world and their Portuguese counterparts. We are pleased to publish the 9th Lecture of the Series: “Climate Change and Polar Reseach”, given by Doctor Sabit Abyzov and Doctor Donald Perovich at the Luso-American Development Foundation, on March 14, 2007. [7]