Megacities Our Global Urban Future Frauke Kraas Surinder Aggarwal Martin Coy Günter Mertins (Eds.) 123 Megacities International Year of Planet Earth Series Editors: Eduardo F.J. de Mulder Executive Director International Secretariat International Year of Planet Earth Edward Derbyshire Goodwill Ambassador International Year of Planet Earth The book series is dedicated to the United Nations International Year of Planet Earth. The aim of the Year is to raise worldwide public and political awareness of the vast (but often under-used) potential of Earth sciences for improving the quality of life and safeguarding the planet. Geoscienti fi c knowledge can save lives and protect property if threatened by natural disasters. Such knowledge is also needed to sustainably satisfy the growing need for Earth’s resources by more people. Earth scientists are ready to contribute to a safer, healthier and more prosperous society. IYPE aims to develop a new generation of such experts to fi nd new resources and to develop land more sustainably. For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/8096 Frauke Kraas (cid:129) Surinder Aggarwal Martin Coy (cid:129) G ünter Mertins Editors Megacities Our Global Urban Future Editors Frauke Kraas Surinder Aggarwal Institute of Geography Mansara Housing Society Cologne University Delhi , India Cologne , Germany Günter Mertins Martin Coy Faculty of Geography Institute of Geography Marburg University Innsbruck University Marburg , Germany Innsbruck , Austria ISBN 978-90-481-3416-8 ISBN 978-90-481-3417-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-3417-5 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013934967 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2014 This work is subject to copyright. 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Cover source info: Copyright for all photos on the cover belong to Frauke Kraas Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Editorial: Megacities: Our Global Urban Future Since the year 2007, according to the United Nations, more than half of the world’s population live in cities – an increase from 30% in 1950 to 51.6% in 2000 – and the increase will probably reach 60% in 2030 (UN 2011). Urbanisation is proceeding rapidly, currently particularly in Asia and Africa. In the industrial North, urbanisation has slowed down and urban transitions have matured, except in the transition countries of industrialising Eastern Europe. The Asian region (in particular China and India with urban popula- tion weight of 700 million) sharing 75% of the developing countries’ and 53% of the global urban population will remain the major contributor to future urban growth. Megacities as cities with more than fi ve million inhabit- ants are most signi fi cant in this worldwide process of urbanisation. Almost 60 of them, with together more than 600 million people, are expected to exist by 2015. They are characterised by new development dynamics as well as intense and complex interaction of different demographic, social, political, economic and ecological processes. Many urban processes take place simultaneously, thereby often reinforcing themselves. In the developing world, megacities, population grows faster than the infrastructure. A fragmented and uncontrolled urban sprawl can foster high traf fi c volumes, high concentrations of industrial production, ecological overload, environmental degradation, informality and unregulated land development and property/housing markets. Both conver- gence and divergence forces are operating simultaneously to produce concen- trated and highly differentiated and fragmented urban landscapes. Megacities often contain a mix of coexisting people: there are commonly groups with their own distinctive ethnic, community, cultural roots, lifestyles and social milieux . Differences in economic development, social polarisation, quality of infrastructure and governance must be recognised and taken into account. Against this background, this book intends to take a closer look at selected mega-urban questions and case studies. It is directed to important dynamics and challenges of mega-urban development worldwide by focusing on three main topics, i.e. (1) physical space, land and resources; (2) economic, social and infrastructure transformation; and (3) governance and management of and in megacities. At fi rst, a general overview of major trends and global considerations aims at summarising important processes and challenges in mega-urban areas worldwide (contribution of Frauke Kraas and Günter Mertins). It points out major developments and trends and emphasises the complexity of interwoven processes of mega-urban regions. v vi Editorial: Megacities: Our Global Urban Future In the fi rst part of the book, focusing on Physical Space, Land and Resources , Bernd Hansjürgen and Dirk Heinrichs give a broad overview over the key challenges in respect to climate change – similarly as Eduardo de Mulder, Jacques Besner and Brian Marker summarise problems and options of using additional spaces in underground cities. In regard to the situation of rapid mega-urban development in China, Ra fi q Azzam and co-authors in their research contribution focus on the problems of water quality and socio- economic vulnerability that arise from the massive in fl ux of migrants into the emerging megacities. Forms and problems of ensuring the mega-urban food supply in Dhaka/Bangladesh are looked at closely in the paper from Markus Keck and co-authors. The contribution of Babette Wehrmann points out the important issue of land development strategies in the context of urban sprawl and informality, while the in fl uence of foreign direct investment on land use changes and regional planning is elaborated in the chapter by Margareth Pugh O’Mara and Karen Seto. All chapters in this part of the book open the view for a critical perspective on the shortages of land and resources under the high pace of mega-urbanisation. The deep and far-reaching E conomic, Social and Infrastructure Transfor- mation of Mega-Urban Regions is focused at in the s econd part of the book. Martin Coy and Tobias Töpfer investigate the diverse inner-city development in Latin American megacities in context to degradation and renewal. Agile fi rm organisation and upgrading processes in the Pearl River Delta, China, are dealt with in the contribution from Wan-Hsien Liu and co-authors. Tabea Bork-Hüffer and co-authors focus on the transformation of international migration patterns in Guangzhou and Foshan. A critical assessment of growing violence, fear and fragmentation is undertaken by Marcelo Lopes de Souza for the case of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Alexandra Hill and co-authors focus on informal processes of urban expansion and technical infrastructure in Dar es Salaam, and Jan Marco Müller assesses closely the bus rapid transit system of the TransMilenio in Bogotá as possible example for infrastructural problems in megacities worldwide. The third part of the book directs the reader to questions of Governance and Management in mega-urban regions. Shipra Narang-Suri and Günter Taube elaborate on experiences, challenges and implications for international cooperation in megacities. Werner Gamerith focuses on planning processes in New York City, and Christoph Dittrich compares e-Governance initiatives in India, taking up the examples of Hyderabad and Bangalore. All contributions show the necessity of international, interdisciplinary collaboration in addressing complex research questions of mega-urban deve- lopment. They also prove the imperative to include and connect major stake- holders, ranging from local governments, private enterprises, non-governmental organisations to the civil societies, in order to understand and analyse current developments and achieve good practices for a more sustainable performance of mega-urban governance. This book combines contributions which originated from several initiatives within the growing community of researchers working on megacity issues. Among the fi rst was the conference series on megacities in 2002, organised by the Konrad Adenauer Foundation (documents of this conference can be Editorial: Megacities: Our Global Urban Future vii downloaded at h ttp://www.kas.de/wf/de/21.116/ ) . Furthermore, the Inter- national Geographical Union’s MegaCity TaskForce brought together researchers from all over the world, forming a transglobal, multidisciplinary network of scholars and practitioners exchanging knowledge, expertise and solution-oriented good practices worldwide ( w ww.megacities.uni-koeln.de ) . The later development of three complementing research programmes which focus on key issues of megacity development has contributed strongly to deeper knowledge on and comparative analysis of mega-urban realities. These are, namely, (1) the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) programme’s “Research for the Sustainable Development of the Megacities of Tomorrow” (2005–2007), which later was renamed “Future Megacities – Energy- and climate-ef fic ient structures in urban growth centers” (2008–2013; www.future-megacities.org ) ; (2) the Priority Programme of the German Research Foundation (DFG) on “Megacities – Megachallenge: Informal Dynamics of Global Change” (2006–2013; w ww.megacities- megachallenge.org ) ; and (3) “Risk Habitat Megacity” (2007–2011; w ww. risk-habitat-megacity.ufz.de ) of the Helmholtz Association, which later trans- formed to “ClimateAdaptationSantiago” (2009–2012; w ww.climate-adaptation- santiago.ufz.de ) . Last but not least, over the International Year of Planet Earth (IUGS & UNESCO), one of the key topics was “Megacities – our global urban future” – this volume is a direct product of the activities during this global initiative. The editors would like to sincerely thank fi rst and foremost all the authors of this volume for their strong engagement, commitment and patience over its development period. Special thanks go to Dr. Günter Dill and Ulrich Nitschke for leading the fi rst megacity conferences, to the members of the MegaCity TaskForce of the International Geographical Union (IGU) for their continuous support in the scienti fi c development of the topic and in approaching several of the authors of this volume and to the chairs of the International Year of Planet Earth, in particular Eduardo de Mulder, as well as the publisher Springer for their always generous and very helpful support of the publication. We also reserve special thanks to Ursula Dörken, Rebeca Niemann and the staff at Springer for the reliable help in proofreading of the contributions. Frauke Kraas Surinder Aggarwal Martin Coy Günter Mertins Contents 1 Megacities and Global Change .................................................... 1 Frauke Kraas and Günter Mertins Part I Physical Space, Land and Resources 2 Megacities and Climate Change: Early Adapters, Mainstream Adapters and Capacities ......................................... 9 Bernd Hansjürgens and Dirk Heinrichs 3 Underground Cities....................................................................... 25 Eduardo F. J. de Mulder , Jacques Besner , and Brian Marker 4 Water Quality and Socio-Ecological Vulnerability Regarding Urban Development in Selected Case Studies of Megacity Guangzhou, China............................. 33 Ra fi g Azzam , Ramona Strohschön , Klaus Baier , Lin Lu , Katharina Wiethoff , Anna Lena Bercht , and Rainer Wehrhahn 5 Food Security in Dhaka: Between Global Risks and Local Vulnerabilities ................................................... 59 Markus Keck , Benjamin Etzold , Hans-Georg Bohle , and Wolfgang-Peter Zingel 6 Land Development Strategies in Megacities: Guiding Land Use and Land Rights in the Context of Urban Sprawl and Informality ................................................ 75 Babette Wehrmann 7 The In fl uence of Foreign Direct Investment on Land Use Changes and Regional Planning in Developing-World Megacities: A Bangalore Case Study .......................................... 81 Margaret P ugh O’Mara and Karen C. Seto Part II Economic, Social and Infrastructure Transformation 8 Inner-City Development in Megacities Between Degradation and Renewal: The Case of São Paulo .......................................... 101 Martin Coy and Tobias Töpfer ix