[ Medicine by Design) rchitecture, andscape, and merican ulture eries A L A C S Katherine Solomonson, University of Minnesota—Series Editor 1893 1943 Medicine by Design: The Architect and the Modern Hospital, – annmarie adams The Architecture of Madness: Insane Asylums in the United States carla yanni 1890 1960 A Manufactured Wilderness: Summer Camps and the Shaping of American Youth, – abigail a. van slyck [ Medicine ) by Design The Architect and the Modern Hospital, 1893 1943 – nnmarie dams A A Architecture, Landscape, and American Culture Series university of minnesota press minneapolis london • Material from chapter 2was previously published in Cheryl Krasnick Warsh and Veronica Strong-Boag, eds., Children’s Health Issues in Historical Perspective(Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2005). An earlier version of chapter 2appeared as Annmarie Adams and David Theodore, “Designing for ‘The Little Convalescents’: Children’s Hospitals in Toronto and Montreal, 1875–2006,”Canadian Bulletin ofMedical History19, no. 1(2002):201–43; reprinted with permission. A shortened version of chapter 3appeared in Gail Dubrow and Jennifer Goodman, eds., Restoring Women’s History through Historic Preservation (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003). An earlier version of chapter 3appeared as “Rooms ofTheir Own: The Nurses’ Residences at Montréal’s Royal Victoria Hospital,”Material Culture Review(formerly Material History Review)40(Fall 1994):29–41; reprinted with permission. An earlier version of chapter 5was previously published as “Modernism and Medicine: The Hospitals of Stevens and Lee, 1916–1932,”Journal ofthe Society ofArchitectural Historians58, no. 1(March 1999):42–61; reprinted with permission. Copyright 2008by the Regents of the University of Minnesota All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Published by the University of Minnesota Press 111Third Avenue South, Suite 290 Minneapolis, MN 55401-2520 http://www.upress.umn.edu Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Adams, Annmarie. Medicine by design : the architect and the modern hospital, 1893-1943/ Annmarie Adams. p. ; cm. — (Architecture, landscape, and American culture series) Chapters previously published in various books and journals. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn:978-0-8166-5113-9(hc : alk. paper) isbn-10:0-8166-5113-2(hc : alk. paper) isbn:978-0-8166-5114-6(pbk. : alk. paper) isbn-10:0-8166-5114-0(pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Hospital architecture—North America—History. 2. Hospital buildings— Design and construction—North America—History. I. Title. II. Series. [DNLM:1. Hospital Design and Construction—trends—Canada—Collected Works. 2. History, 19th Century—Canada—Collected Works. 3. History, 20th Century— Canada—Collected Works. WX 140A211m2008] ra967.a332008 725´.51—dc22 2007038121 The University of Minnesota is an equal-opportunity educator and employer. 1514131211100908 10987654321 i n m e m o ry o f J W A ohn illiam dams 1924 2004 – This page intentionally left blank Contents list of illustrations ix acknowledgments xiii introduction xvii 1 2 1893 1 3 Patients 33 4 Nurses 71 5 Architects and Doctors 89 Modernisms 109 notes 131 bibliography 147 illustration credits 161 index 163 This page intentionally left blank Illustrations figure 1 1930 I. . Superintendent of Hôpital Notre-Dame, circa xxiii figure 1 1 1 . . Panoramic view, Montreal A.D. MDCCCCVI figure 1 2 3 . . Postcard of Royal Victoria Hospital, about the time of its opening figure 1 3 5 . . Postcard of Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montreal figure 1 4 1900 5 . .Western Hospital, Atwater Avenue, Montreal, circa figure 1 5 7 . . Longitudinal section, Royal Victoria Hospital figure 1 6 1894 11 . .Women’s ward, Royal Victoria Hospital, circa figure 1 7 12 . .Typhoid ward, Royal Victoria Hospital figure 1 8 fl 12 . . Fragment of oor plan, Royal Victoria Hospital figure 1 9 13 . .Window sashes for sick wards (window detail) figure 1 10 . . Operating room (medical theater), Royal Victoria Hospital, 1894 16 circa figure 1 11 . . Operating room (surgical theater), Royal Victoria Hospital, 1894 17 circa figure 1 12 1884 18 . . Anatomy study, McGill University, figure 1 13 1894 19 . . Pathology Building, Royal Victoria Hospital, circa figure 1 14 1892 19 . . Surgical theater plans, figure 1 15 20 . . Surgical theater plan and detailed section figure 1 16 1892 21 . . Surgical theater section, figure 1 17 22 . . Pemberton operating theater, Victoria figure 1 18 25 . . Section showing ventilation, Royal Victoria Hospital figure 1 19 26 . . Section of East Wing Tower