MEDICAL IMPERIALISM IN FRENCH NORTH AFRICA FRANCE OVERSEAS: STUDIES IN EMPIRE AND DECOLONIZATION Series editors: A. J. B. Johnston, James D. Le Sueur, and Tyler Stovall Medical Imperialism in French North Africa Regenerating the Jewish Community of Colonial Tunis RICHARD C. PARKS University of Nebraska Press LINCOLN AND LONDON © 2017 by the Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska Portions of chapter 2 originally appeared as “Divide et Impera: Public Health and Urban Reform in Interwar Tunis” in Journal of North African Studies 17, no. 3 (2012): 533– 46. Portions of chapter 3 originally appeared as “The Jewish Quarters of Interwar Paris and Tunis: Destruction, Creation, and French Urban Design” in Jewish Social Studies 17, no. 1 (Fall 2001): 67– 87. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Parks, Richard C., author. Title: Medical imperialism in French North Africa: regenerating the Jewish community of colonial Tunis / Richard C. Parks. Description: Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2017. | Series: France overseas | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Identifiers: LCCN 2017011936 (print) | LCCN 2017013963 (ebook) ISBN 9781496202871 (epub) ISBN 9781496202888 (mobi) ISBN 9781496202895 (pdf) ISBN 9780803268456 (cloth: alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Jews— Tunisia— Tunis— Social conditions— 20th century. | Jews— Health and hygiene— Tunisia— Tunis. | Public health— Tunisia— History— French occupation, 1881– 1956. | Tunis (Tunisia)— Social conditions— 20th century. Classification: LCC DS135.T72 (ebook) | LCC DS135. T72 .T867 2017 (print) | DDC 961.10049240904— dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017011936 Set in Merope by John Klopping. Designed by N. Putens. This book is dedicated to my parents, Clyde and Wanda Parks, who always taught me to value hard work and to be kind to others. And to my sister, Deanna, who is the only person who can make me laugh until I cry. CONTENTS List of Maps ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xv 1. Situating Regeneration: Medicine, Science, and “Modern” Bodies 1 2. Regenerating Space: Destruction and Divided Communities 29 3. Regenerating Space, Part 2: Not All Ghettoes Are the Same 63 4. Regenerating Youth: The Role of the Alliance and the Rise of Zionism 95 5. Regenerating Women: The Assertion of Reproductive Control 115 Conclusion: A Brief Reflection on Identity 139 Notes 143 Bibliography 163 Index 181 MAPS 1. Tunisia and the Maghrib xiii 2. Tunisia in relation to Europe xiv 3. Tunis enclaves, interwar era 54