Mechanics of Composite Materials and Structures NATO Science Series A Series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NATO Science Committee. The Series is published by lOS Press and Kluwer Academic Publishers, in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division. A. Life Sciences lOS Press B. Physics Kluwer Academic Publishers C. Mathematical and Physical Sciences Kluwer Academic Publishers D. Behavioural and Social Sciences Kluwer Academic Publishers E. Applied Sciences Kluwer Academic Publishers F. Computer and Systems Sciences lOS Press 1. Disarmament Technologies Kluwer Academic Publishers 2. Environmental Security Kluwer Academic Publishers 3. High Technology Kluwer Academic Publishers 4. Science and Technology Policy lOS Press 5. Computer Networking lOS Press NATO-PCO-DATA BASE The NATO Science Series continues the series of books published formerly in the NATO ASI Series. An electronic index to the NATO ASI Series provides full bibliographical references (with keywords and/or abstracts) to more than 50000 contributions from internatonal scientists published in all sections of the NATO ASI Series. Access to the NATO-PCO-DATA BASE is possible via CD-ROM "NATO-PCO-DATA BASE" with user-friendly retrieval software in English, French and German (WTV GmbH and DATAWARE Technologies Inc. 1989). The CD-ROM of the NATO ASI Series can be ordered from: PCO, Overijse, Belgium Series E: Mathematical and Physical Sciences - Vol. 361 Mechanics of Composite Materials and Structures edited by Carlos A. Mota Soares Cristov80 M. Mota Soares and Manuel J.M. Freitas Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal .. Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V. Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Mechanics of Composite Materials and Structures Tr6ia, Portugal July 12-24, 1998 A C.l. P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-0-7923-5871-8 ISBN 978-94-011-4489-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-4489-6 Printed on acid-free paper Ali Rights Reserved © 1999 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1999 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1999 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. NATO ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTE Mechanics of Composite Materials and Structures Troia, Portugal 12-24 July, 1998 Main Sponsor NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Scientific and Environmental Affairs Division Other Sponsors ONREUR - Office of Naval Research International Field Office ADTRANZ Portugal FCT - Fun~ para a Ciencia e Tecnologia FLAD - Fund~ Luso-Americana para 0 Desenvolvimento NSF - National Science Foundation SOOAP AL - Sociedade Grafica de pajA BPA - Banco Portugues do Atlantico ITS - Junta de Turismo de Setilbal Rank Xerox Portugal 1ST - Instituto Superior Tecnico IDMEC - Instituto de Engenharia Mecinica Director Prof. Carlos A. Mota Soares, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal Organizing Committee Prof. Carlos A. Mota Soares, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal Prot: T.W. Chou, University of Delaware, USA Prot: J.N. Reddy, University of Texas A&M, USA Dr. J.R. Starnes, NASA, USA Prof. J.O. Williams, University of London, U.K. Local Organizing Committee Prot: Carlos A. Mota Soares, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal Prot: Joaquim Infimte Barbosa, Nautical School Infante Dom Henrique, Portugal Prof. Manuel J.M. Freitas, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal Prot: Crist6vao M. Mota Soares, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal CONTENTS Preface ix List of Participants xi List of Contributors xix Theory and Analysis of Laminated Composite Plates J.N. Reddy Micromechanics Analysis of Composite Materials A.S.D. Wang 81 Predictim of the Effective Damage Properties and Failure Properties of Non Linear Anisotropic Discontinuous Reinforced Composites K. DaTim, J. Fitoussi, G. Guo and D. Baptiste 131 Mechanics of Tbree-Dimmsiooal Textile Structural Composites: Processing Tsu-Wei Cllouand TimothyD. Kostar 151 Mechanics ofTbree-Dimmsiooal Textile Structw"al Composites: Analysis Tsu-Wei Cllou and Timothy D. Kostar 163 Mechanics ofThree-Dimmsional Textile Structural Composites: Performance Modeling Tsu-Wei 01011 and Kishore Pochiraju 173 Testing and Modeling of IneIastic Behavior of Fibrous Composites C.T. Sm 183 Characterizatim of Strain Rate-Depmdmt Behavior in Polymeric Composites C.T.Sm 195 A Treatmmt of Interfacial Cracks in the Presmce of Frictim C.T. Sm and W. Qian 205 Impact and High Rate Testing of Composites: An Overview B.RK.BlackmanandJ.G. Williams 215 Impact and High Rate Testing of Composites: High Rate Delamination Testing B.RK. Blackman and J.G. Williams 225 Composite for Marine Applications Part 1. Testing of Materials and Structures for Surface Vessels P. Davies 235 Composite for Marine Applications Part 2. Underwater Structures P. Davies and P. Cllauchot 249 Examples Co Non-Destructive Testing of Glass-and Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Matrix Composites A.I. BrIDlner, 1. Neuenschwander 261 Towards Standardised InterIaminar Fracture Tests for Unidirectional Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Matrix Composites A.J. BrIDlner 279 Advantages and Disadvantages of Thermoset and Thermoplastic Matrices for Continuous Fibre Composites A.Cervenka 289 viii Hygrothennal Ageing of Glass Reinforced Composite Pipes A.Cervenka 299 Composite Pipes Based on Thermoplastic Matrices Reinforced by Continuous Fibres A.Cervenka 309 Impact Damage of Composite Structures M. de Freitas and L. Reis 319 Remarks 00 Linear and Nonlinear Variational Design Sensitivity Analysis F.-J. Barthold 331 Remarks 00 Computing the Energy Release Rate and its Sensitivities F.-J. Barthold and S. Mesecke 341 Some Remarks 00 Robust Design F.-J. Barthold and S. Mesecke 351 Optimization of Thin-WaIled Structures E. Stein and F.-J. Barthold 361 Theory and Computation of Multilayer Composites E. Stein and J. Tessmer 369 Theory and Computation of Damage and Failure of Composites E. SteinandJ. Tessmer 379 Optimal Design of Composite Structures with Integrated Piezoelectric Laminae Victor M Franco Correia, Crist6vio M. Mota Soares and Carlos A. Mota Soares 389 Optimization of Composite Structures Using Response Surface Approximations R T. Haftka, R Vitali and B.V. Sankar 409 Genetic Algorithms for Optimization of Composite Laminates R T. Haftka 431 Identification Techniques in Composite Laminates Pauli Pedersen 443 Sensitivity Analysis and Inverse Problems for Laminates and Materials Pauli Pedersen 453 Asymptotic Approach to Optimal Structural Design with Brittle-Fracture ConsIraints Part I: Prototype Problem N.V. Banichuk 465 Asymptotic Approach to Optimal Structural Design with Brittle-Fracture Constraints Part 2: Deterministic and Stochastic Problems N.V. Banichuk 477 Some Composite Structures Experiences at NASA Langley Research Center James H Starnes, Jr. and Damodar R Ambur 489 Prospects os Smart Structures for Future Airaaft K. W. Dittrich 509 PREFACE This book contains the edited version of the lectures presented at the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Mechanics of Composite Materials and Structures, held in Tr6ia, Portugal, 12-24th of July 1998 and organized by IDMEC - Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Technical University of Lisbon. The Institute was attended by 102 participants from 21 countries, including leading scientists and engineering staff from universities, research institutions and industry and Ph.D. students. Some participants presented invited and contributed papers during the Institute and almost all participated actively in discussions on scientific and technological aspects during the Institute. The Advanced Study Institute provided the first opportunity for internationally recognized researchers and engineers to present the foundations, current state of art, recent development and directions of research of all essential techniques related to mechanics of composite materials and structures. The Institute provided a forum for interaction among eminent scientists and engineers from different schools of thought and young researchers, leading to future increase in the international collaboration in research in composites materials and structures. The Institute addressed the foundations and current state of art of the mechanics of composite materials and structures. Special emphasis was placed on classic and recent developed theories of composite laminated beams, plates and shells, micromechanics, impact and damage analysis, mechanics of textile structural composites, high strain rate testing and non-destructive testing of composite materials and structures. Topics of growing importance were addressed, such as: numerical methods and optimization, identffication and damage monitoring, and homogenization techniques for composite materials and structures. The state of the art for modeling of smart composite materials, optimal design with advanced materials, software codes and industrial applications was also presented. The edited version of the majority of papers presented at the Advanced Study Institute will be published this year in a Special Issue of the Journal of Computers and Structures and in a current issue of the Journal of Mechanics of Composite Materials and Structures. Without the sponsorship and financial support of the Scientific and Environmental Affairs Division of NATO, the Advanced Study Institute and this book would not have been possible. The financial support of all other sponsors contributed decisively to the success of the Institute. The Editors deeply appreciated all the advice and help in organizing the Institute given by Prof. Luis Veiga da Cunha of the Scientific and Environmental Affairs Division of NATO. The Editors are also indebted to all members of the organizing committee (prof. T.W. Chou, Prof. J.N. Reddy, Dr. J.H. Starnes and Prof. J.G. Williams) for all the outstanding work that led to a very successful Institute. We are also grateful to all authors for their effort in writing the lectures and papers in time, allowing this book to be published as planned. Special thanks to IDMEC staff, Mrs. Andrea Marques and Mr. Amandio Rebelo, for their effort in administrative planning and support of the Institute. We are grateful to our families, for all the support given during the organization of the Institute and of this book. Lisbon, April 1999 Carlos A. Mota Soares Crist6vao M. Mota Soares Manuel J.M. Freitas ix LIST OF PARTICIPANTS Lectures: Nickolay Banichuk The Institute for Problems in Mechanics, 101, Prospect Vemadskogo 117526 Moscow, Russia Didier Baptiste Lab. Microstruc. M6canique des Materiaux, LMJ, 151 -Bould. de I'Hllpital, ENSAM 75640 Paris Cedex 13, France Frau-JOIeph Barthold Institut flIr Baumechanik \Uld Numerische, Mechanik, Universitllt Hannover Applestrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany Bamber R.K-BIaekmaa Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College Exhibition Road, London SW7 2BX, United Kingdom Aadreas J. Bnmner EMPA, Oberlandslrasse 129 CH-8600 DObendorf; Switzerland Tony Cervenka University of Manchester & UMIST, Manchester Materials Science Centre Grosvenor Street, Manchester MI 1HS, United Kingdom Tau-Wei Chou Department of Mechanical Engineering, Univ. of Delaware, 126, Spencer Laboratory Newark, Delaware 19716-3140, U.S.A Peter Davies IFREMER -Laboratoire Materiaux Marins, IFREMER-DITlIGOIMM BP-70, 29280 Plouzane, France Raphael Haftka Univ. of Florida, Dept. Aerospace En808., P.O.Box 116250.231 Aerospace Building Gainesville, FL 32611-6250, U.S.A Noboru Kikuehi University of Michigan, Dept. Mech. En808. Applied Mech. Computational Mech. Lab., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2215, U.S.A. Pauli Pedersen Technical UniversityofDerunark, Dept. of Solid Mechanics, Building 404 DK-2800 Lyngby, Derunark J.N.Reddy Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station Texas 77843-3123, U.S.A. Carlos A. Mots Soares IDMECIIST, Av. Rovisco Pais 1049-00 1 Lisboa, Portugal James Stsrnes NASA Langley Res. Ctr •• Mail Stop 190 Hampton, Virginia, VA 23681-2199. U.S.A xi xii Erwin Stein Universitl!t Hannover, Inst. of Civil Engng. and Numerical Mechanics, Applestrasse 9A, D -30167 Hannover, Gennany C. T.Suo Purdue University, School of Aeronautics & Astronautics, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1282, U.S.A. Albert S. Wang Drexel University, College of Engineering, Dept. Mechanical Engng. & Mechanics 32 nd & Chestnut Streets, Philadelphia, PA 19104, U.S.A. CarlZweben Lockheed Martin Missiles & Space, Advanced Technology Manager 230 Mall Blvd. King of Prussia, PA 19406, U.S.A. Participants: MemisAcar Loughborough University, Depart. Mechanical Engineering Loughborough Leics, LEI I 3TU, United Kingdom Robert D. Adams University ofBristoI, Dept Mech. Engng. Queen's Building, University Walk, Bristol BSS I TR, United Kingdom Georges Akhras Royal Military College of Canada, Civil Engineering Dept. P.O.Box 17000, STN Forces, Kingston, Ontario, ON K7K 7B4, Canada NuriAkkas Middle East Technical University, Department of Engineering Sciences Ankara, 06531, Turkey Aurelio Araujo IDMEClIST, Av. Roviseo Pais 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal Mette Bagge Technical University of Denmark, Department of Solid Mechanics Building 404, DK - 2800 Lyngby, Denmark William M. Banks University ofStrathclyde, Department of Mechanical Engineering James Weir Building, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow G I IXJ, United Kingdom Joaquim Infante Barbosa Escola Nautica Infante D. Henrique, Av. Bonneville Franco Pa~ de Arcos, 2780 Oeiras, Portugal Maria Helena Barros Faculdade Ciencias e Tecoologia, Universidade de Coimbra -DEC Pinhal de Marrocos, 3049 Coimbra Codex, Portugal Ayech Benjeddou Cooservatoir Nationale des Arts et Metiers, Struct. Mech. & Systems Lab. 2, Rue Conte, F -75003 Paris, France Asghar Bhatti University of Iowa, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engng. Iowa City, Iowa 52242, U.S.A.