MARX & ENGELS COLLECTED WORKS VOLUME 35 Karl Marx - Capital Volume I KARL MARX FREDERICK ENGELS Volume 35 Karl Marx - Capital Volume I 2010 Lawrence & Wishart Electric Book file:///G|/Temp/menewisbns/intros/meint_35.htm[31/08/2011 18:35:48] Editorial commissions: GREAT BRITAIN: Jack Cohen, Maurice Cornforth, Maurice Dobb, E. J. Hobsbawm, James Klugmann, Margaret Mynatt. USA: James S. Allen, Philip S. Foner, Dirk J. Struik, William W. Weinstone. USSR: N. P. Karmanova, V. N. Pavlov, M. K. Shcheglova, T. Y. Solovyova, Y. V. Yeremin, P. N. Fedoseyev, L. I. Golman, A. I. Malysh, A. G. Yegorov, V. Y. Zevin. Digital Edition Copyright © Lawrence & Wishart 2010 Digital production: Electric Book ISBN 978-1-84327-979-2 All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, electrical, chemical, mechanical, optical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. file:///D|/Temp/menewisbns/me35.htm[09/12/2010 15:43:54] V Contents Preface XIII KARL MARX CAPITAL A Critique of Political Economy Volume I K. Marx. Preface to the First German Edition 7 K. Marx. Afterword to the Second German Edition 12 K. Marx. Preface to the French Edition 23 K. Marx. Afterword to the French Edition 24 F. Engels. Preface to the Third German Edition . . .. : 27 F. Engels. Preface to the English Edition 30 F. Engels. Preface to the Fourth German Edition 37 BOOK I THE PROCESS OF PRODUCTION OF CAPITAL PART I COMMODITIES AND MONEY Chapter I.— Commodities 45 Section 1.— The Two Factors of a Commodity: Use Value and Value (the Substance of Value and the Magnitude of Value) . . 45 VI Contents Section 2.— The Twofold Character of the Labour Embodied in Commodities 51 Section 3.— The Form of Value or Exchange Value 57 A. Elementary or Accidental Form of Value 58 1. The Two Poles of the Expression of Value: Relative Form and Equivalent Form 58 2. The Relative Form of Value 59 (a.) The Nature and Import of This Form 59 (b.) Quantitative Determination of Relative Value 63 3. The Equivalent Form of Value 65 4. The Elementary Form of Value Considered as a Whole . . 70 B. Total or Expanded Form of Value 73 1. The Expanded Relative Form of Value 73 2. The Particular Equivalent Form 74 3. Defects of the Total or Expanded Form of Value 74 C. The General Form of Value 75 1. The Altered Character of the Form of Value 76 2. The Interdependent Development of the Relative Form of Value, and of the Equivalent Form 78 3. Transition from the General Form of Value to the Money Form 80 D. The Money Form 80 Section 4.— The Fetishism of Commodities and the Secret Thereof 81 Chapter II.— Exchange 94 Chapter III.— Money, or the Circulation of Commodities 103 Section 1.— The Measure of Values 103 Section 2.— The Medium of Circulation 113 a. The Metamorphosis of Commodities 113 b. The Currency of Money 124 c. Coin and Symbols of Value 135 Section 3.— Money 140 a. Hoarding 140 b. Means of Payment 145 c. Universal Money 153 PART II THE TRANSFORMATION OF MONEY INTO CAPITAL Chapter IV.— The General Formula for Capital 157 Chapter V.— Contradictions in the General Formula of Capital . . .. 166 Chapter VI.— The Buying and Selling of Labour Power 177 Contents VII PART III THE PRODUCTION OF ABSOLUTE SURPLUS VALUE Chapter VII.— The Labour Process and the Process of Producing Sur plus Value 187 Section 1.— The Labour Process or the Production of Use Values 187 Section 2.— The Production of Surplus Value 196 Chapter VIII.— Constant Capital and Variable Capital 209 Chapter IX.— The Rate of Surplus Value 221 Section 1.— The Degree of Exploitation of Labour Power . . .. 221 Section 2.— The Representation of the Components of the Value of the Product by Corresponding Proportional Parts of the Prod uct Itself 230 Section 3.—Senior's "Last Hour" 233 Section 4.— Surplus Produce 238 Chapter X.— The Working Day 239 Section 1.— The Limits of the Working Day 239 Section 2.— The Greed for Surplus Labour. Manufacturer and Boyard 243 Section 3.— Branches of English Industry Without Legal Limits to Exploitation 251 Section 4.— Day and Night Work. The Relay System 263 Section 5.— The Struggle for a Normal Working Day. Compulso ry Laws for the Extension of- the Working Day from the Middle of the 14th to the End of the 17th Century 270 Section 6.— The Struggle for the Normal Working Day. Compul sory Limitation by Law of the Working Time. The English Factory Acts, 1833 to 1864 283 Section 7.— The Struggle for the Normal Working Day. Reaction of the English Factory Acts on Other Countries 302 Chapter XL—Rate and Mass of Surplus Valtfe -. 307 PART IV PRODUCTION OF RELATIVE SURPLUS VALUE Chapter XII.— The Concept of Relative Surplus Value 317 Chapter XIII.— Co-operation 326 Chapter XIV.— Division of Labour and Manufacture 341 Section 1.— Twofold Origin of Manufacture 341 Section 2.— The Detail Labourer and his Implements 344 VIII Contents Section 3.— The Two Fundamental Forms of Manufacture: Heter ogeneous Manufacture, Serial Manufacture 347 Section 4.— Division of Labour in Manufacture, and Division of Labour in Society 356 Section 5.— The Capitalistic Character of Manufacture 364 Chapter XV.— Machinery and Modern Industry 374 Section 1.— The Development of Machinery 374 Section 2.— The Value Transferred by Machinery to the Product 389 Section 3.— The Proximate Effects of Machinery on the Work man 397 a. Appropriation of Supplementary Labour Power by Capital. The Employment of Women and Children 398 b. Prolongation of the Working Day 406 c. Intensification of Labour 412 Section 4.— The Factory 420 Section 5.— The Strife Between Workman and Machine . . .. 430 Section 6.— The Theory of Compensation as Regards the Work people Displaced by Machinery 440 Section 7.— Repulsion and Attraction of Workpeople by the Fac tory System. Crises in the Cotton Trade 450 Section 8.— Revolution Effected in Manufacture, Handicrafts, and Domestic Industry by Modern Industry 462 a. Overthrow of Co-operation Based on Handicraft and on the Division of Labour 462 b. Reaction of the Factory System on Manufacture and Domestic Industries 464 c. Modern Manufacture 466 d. Modern Domestic Industry 468 e. Passage of Modern Manufacture, and Domestic In dustry into Modern Mechanical Industry. The Has tening of This Revolution by the Application of the Factory Acts to Those Industries 473 Section 9.— The Factory Acts. Sanitary and Educational Clauses of the Same. Their General Extension in England 483 Section 10.— Modern Industry and Agriculture 505 PART V THE PRODUCTION OF ABSOLUTE AND OF RELATIVE SURPLUS VALUE Chapter XVI.— Absolute and Relative Surplus Value 509 Contents IX Chapter XVII.— Changes of Magnitude in the Price of Labour Power and in Surplus Value 519 I. Length of the Working Day and Intensity of Labour Constant Productiveness of Labour Variable 520 II. Working Day Constant. Productiveness of Labour Constant. Intensity of Labour Variable 524 III. Productiveness and Intensity of Labour Constant. Length of the Working Day Variable 526 IV. Simultaneous Variations in the Duration, Productiveness, and Intensity of Labour 527 (1.) Diminishing Productiveness of Labour with a Simulta neous Lengthening of the Working Day 528 (2.) Increasing Intensity and Productiveness of Labour with Simultaneous Shortening of the Working Day . . .. 530 Chapter XVIII.— Various Formulae for the Rate of Surplus Value . . 531 PART VI WAGES Chapter XIX.—The Transformation of the Value (and Respectively the Price) of Labour Power into Wages 535 Chapter XX.— Time Wages 542 Chapter XXL— Piece Wages 550 Chapter XXII.— National Differences of Wages 558 PART VII THE ACCUMULATION OF CAPITAL Chapter XXIII.— Simple Reproduction 565 Chapter XXIV.— Conversion of Surplus Value into Capital . . .. 578 Section 1.— Capitalist Production on a Progressively Increasing Scale. Transition of the Laws of Property that Characterise Production of Commodities into Laws of Capitalist Appropria tion 578 Section 2.— Erroneous Conception, by Political Economy, of Re production on a Progressively Increasing Scale 584 Section 3.— Separation of Surplus Value into Capital and Reve nue. The Abstinence Theory 587 Section 4.— Circumstances that, Independently of the Propor tional Division of Surplus Value into Capital and Revenue, X Contents Determine the Amount of Accumulation. Degree of Exploita tion of Labour Power. Productivity of Labour. Growing Dif ference in Amount Between Capital Employed and Capital Consumed. Magnitude of Capital Advanced 595 Section 5.— The So-Called Labour Fund 604 Chapter XXV.— The General Law of Capitalist Accumulation . . .. 607 Section 1.— The Increased Demand for Labour Power that Ac companies Accumulation, the Composition of Capital Remain ing the Same 607 Section 2.— Relative Diminution of the Variable Part of Capital Simultaneously with the Progress of Accumulation and of the Concentration that Accompanies it 616 Section 3.— Progressive Production of a Relative Surplus Popula tion or Industrial Reserve Army 623 Section 4.— Different Forms of the Relative Surplus Population. The General Law of Capitalistic Accumulation 634 Section 5.— Illustrations of the General Law of Capitalist Accu mulation 642 (a.) England from 1846-1866 642 (b.) The Badly Paid Strata of the British Industrial Class 648 (c.) The Nomad Population 657 (d.) Effect of Crises on the Best Paid Part of the Working Class 660 (e.) The British Agricultural Proletariat 665 (f.) Ireland 688 PART VIII THE SO-CALLED PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION Chapter XXVI.— The Secret of Primitive Accumulation . . . . . .. 704 Chapter XXVII.— Expropriation of the Agricultural Population from the Land 707 Chapter XXVIII.— Bloody Legislation Against the Expropriated, from the End of the 15th Century. Forcing down of Wages by Acts of Parliament 723 Chapter XXIX.— Genesis of the Capitalist Farmer 731 Chapter XXX.— Reaction of the Agricultural Revolution on Industry. Creation of the Home Market for Industrial Capital 733 Chapter XXXI.— Genesis of the Industrial Capitalist 738 Chapter XXXII.— Historical Tendency of Capitalist Accumulation . . 748 Chapter XXXIII.— The Modern Theory of Colonisation 751 Contents XI NOTES AND INDEXES Notes 765 Name Index 808 Index of Quoted and Mentioned Literature 816 Index of Periodicals 852 ILLUSTRATIONS Title page of the first German edition of Volume 1 of Capital . .. 2 Marx's letter to Lachâtre of March 18, 1872, the facsimile of which is given in the French edition of Volume I of Capital 21 Cover of the first issue of the French edition of Volume I of Capital 25 Title page of the first English edition of Volume I of Capital.... 31 Note: Pages 1-6 oj CAPITAL (frontmatter) have been consolidated into 4 pages to meet U.S. production requirements.